Next Article in Journal
The Impact of El-Niño and La-Niña on the Pre-Monsoon Convective Systems over Eastern India
Next Article in Special Issue
Effect of Densification on Biomass Combustion and Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics
Previous Article in Journal
A Systematic Literature Review on Controlled-Environment Agriculture: How Vertical Farms and Greenhouses Can Influence the Sustainability and Footprint of Urban Microclimate with Local Food Production
Previous Article in Special Issue
Transformation and Migrant Mechanism of Sulfur and Nitrogen during Chemical Looping Combustion with CuFe2O4
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Atmosphere
Volume 13
Issue 8
10.3390/atmos13081260
atmosphere-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Electric Field-Driven Air Purification Filter for High Efficiency Removal of PM2.5 and SO2: Local Electric Field Induction and External Electric Field Enhancement

by
Jian Li
1,2,
Qingyun Sun
2,
Zhongxin Ping
2,
Yihong Gao
2,
Peiyu Chen
2 and
Fangzhi Huang
2,*
1
Department of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
2
Lab of Clean Energy & Environmental Catalysis, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081260
Submission received: 6 July 2022 / Revised: 18 July 2022 / Accepted: 21 July 2022 / Published: 9 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emissions, Control, and Utilization Technology of Particulate Matters)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Removal rate and durability are the two most important parameters of an ideal air purification filter to remove inhalable particles and toxic gases. Here, based on the interaction of a local electric field and an external electric field, a novel coaxial core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowire array was synthesized on a rigid copper net, which was used to remove PM2.5 and SO2 simultaneously. The removal rates of PM2.5 by the filter with and without an external electric field can reach 98.72% and 44.41%, respectively, and the adsorption capacity of SO2 can reach 4.87 mol/m2. After repeated filtration and cleaning for 10 cycles, the air pollution removal efficiency can be kept almost stable.

1. Introduction

Air pollution consisting of particles, droplets, gases or mixtures of the above substances has recently attracted serious attention due to its hazardous threat to public safety and health [1,2,3,4]. Among solid pollutants, fine particulate matter such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5, diameter 2.5 μm or less) is the most harmful. SOX (i.e., SO2), one of the main gaseous pollutants, has a significant negative effect on human health and can lead to lung cancer [5,6,7,8]. What is more, SO2 can also indirectly lead to the growth of PM2.5 [9]. Various strategies have been developed to accomplish air purification, such as use of an electrostatic precipitator, bag dust collection and electro spun polymer [10,11,12,13]. Among them, electrostatic precipitation or adsorption has the advantages of low pressure drop and high collection efficiency, and has become one of the most promising technologies [14,15,16,17,18,19]. To improve the trapping efficiency, increasing the specific surface area of filter materials has gradually aroused great concern [20,21]. Therefore, most strategies adopt a honeycomb or porous structure, but this has the disadvantage of increased back pressure [22]. In recent research, in order to eliminate the disadvantage of traditional electrostatic adsorption filters, which cannot filter volatile organic compounds and toxic gases, a large number of activated carbon particles are fixed on the adsorption frame and embedded in the filtration system, thus realizing simultaneous adsorption of volatile organic compounds and toxic gases [23,24,25,26].
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are types of mixed crystalline porous materials with large surface areas and adjustable pore diameter, which are beneficial to the capture of gaseous air pollutants, and the polar groups on their ligands are donated to give the filter the activity of adsorbing toxic gases [27,28,29,30,31,32]. For example, Wang et al. [33] processed MOF nanocrystals with porous structure into nanofiber filters with high porous MOF loadings, showing high particle removal efficiency and selectively capturing and retaining SO2. However, the local electrostatic field of MOF is easily saturated or eliminated, and it is difficult to achieve long-term removal effects by local electrostatic precipitation or adsorption only. Based on the excellent electrical properties of metal nanowires, researchers have developed a polyvinylidene fluoride modified silver nanowire percolation network for filtration. In an electric field, these charged films strongly attract charged PM2.5, resulting in the effective removal performance of PM2.5. Compared with the particle filter based on short-range intermolecular force (local electrostatic field) used in the previous research, the particle filter based on long-range electrostatic interaction can not only remove PM2.5 efficiently, but also can be reused [34].
Herein, we present an in-situ growth method to prepare a copper-mesh-supported coaxial core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowire array. In this case, a large number of activated NH2-MIL-53 porous membranes are embedded into the filtration system through CuO nanowire arrays supported by copper mesh with excellent conductivity, thus realizing the combination of long-range electrostatic interaction and short-range electrostatic interaction and achieving excellent removal efficiency of PM2.5 and SO2. Furthermore, it can be reused many times, thus making it a promising material for air quality control.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O, 97%, AR) and 2-Aminoterephthalic Acid (NH2-BDC, C8H7NO4) were all obtained from Aladdin Industrial Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Copper mesh (400 mesh) was obtained from Shanghai Yuren Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultra-pure water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm used was provided by Millipore system.

2.2. Synthesis of Copper-Mesh-Supported CuO Nanowire Arrays

Highly ordered CuO nanowire arrays were synthesized via two-step method. First, vertical Cu(OH)2 nanowire arrays were grown in situ on copper mesh according to our previous reports. Then, the obtained copper-mesh-supported Cu(OH)2 nanowire arrays were calcined at 180 °C for 60 min, and further naturally cooled to room temperature. After this, copper-mesh-supported CuO2 nanowire arrays were obtained.

2.3. Synthesis of Copper-Mesh-Supported CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs

The copper-mesh-supported CuO2 NWAs were dipped into a 2 g/L of PVP solution for 30 min. After washed by water, it was immersed into 45.0 mL of 1mmol/L AlCl3.6H2O aqueous solution for 40 min to introduce Al3+ ions on the surface of CuO nanowires. Then the pretreatment mesh was put into 45.0 mL of NH2-BDC N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) solution, and heated at 150 °C for 6 h under autogenous pressure. After cooling naturally, the as-prepared substrate was drawn from the reactions and washed with DMF and ethanol several times, respectively, and dried under vacuum at 30 °C.

2.4. PM2.5 Filtration Test

The PM2.5 filtration experiment was carried out as the following. The mixture of PM2.5 and moisture was introduced into the left glass of the experiment setup. The inflow concentration was controlled by burning a cigarette to continuously induce a hazardous pollution level equivalent to the PM2.5 index > 999 μg/m3. The PM2.5 density was measured by a particle monitor (Xiaomi Technology Co., Ltd., China). Meanwhile, the pressure drop in the PM2.5 filtration process was measured by a pressure drop detector (AC50, Smart Sensor, China) under a uniform airflow. The negative ionizer of 3V (XHJ-D05F) was placed for charging PM2.5. The PM2.5 removal efficiency was calculated according to the following equation: where C0 (ug.m3−) and C1 (ug.m3−) are the PM2.5 mass concentrations before and after PM2.5 filtration, respectively. C0 generated from incense per minute was a PM2.5 simulated calculation value. By controlling the switching of the applied voltage and negative ionizer, we can obtain the PM2.5 filtration efficiency of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter at zero electric field and a certain electric field, respectively. The effective filtration test area of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter was 5.3 cm2.

2.5. SO2 Filtration Test

GC-MS (TSQ8000EVO) was performed to measure the absorption performance for SO2 of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter. GC-MS sample bottle where one fourth filter with test area of 3.06 cm2 was injected with 10 mL SO2/N2 mixture (1%), and GC-MS was employed to measure the remaining SO2 concentration in the sample bottle after 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min, and 60 min, dynamically. Thus, the SO2 adsorption rate and capacity of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter can be obtained by dynamically calculating the SO2 adsorption value.

2.6. Characterizations

The morphology was investigated by a Zeiss Supra 40 scanning electron microscope (SEM). The element distribution in nanowires was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was characterized with a JEOL JEM-2010-TEM. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was performed using a TG Q2000 analyzer from 25 to 800 °C under argon flow with a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. The specific surface area and pore size were measured from ASAP2020M+C BET surface analyzer. The Fourier infrared spectra (FT-IR) ranging from 500 cm−1 to 4000 cm−1 were obtained with an infrared spectrometer (U-4100). The zeta potential was measured with Malvine nanometer laser particle size analyzer (Mastersizer 2000). The CA is the angle quantifying the wettability of a solid surface, which was performed on an OCA-20 contact angle analyzer (Data-Physics, Filderstadt, Germany).

3. Discussion

The coaxial CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowire arrays on porous copper mesh (NWAs/CM) was prepared by following a procedure involving in situ growth and self-assembly as illustrated in Figure 1a. Copper mesh was chosen as the supporting substrate on account of its excellent electrical conductivity, rigid property, and porous skeleton. Firstly, well-aligned Cu(OH)2 nanowires were directly grown on the skeleton of the copper mesh by a surface oxidation process (Figure S1, see Supporting Information). After a calcination treatment, the color of the samples turned to gray and the Cu(OH)2 completely converted to CuO (Figure 1b,c). The CuO nanowires with a diameter of 114 nm were vertically grown on the mesh substrate with a high cover density. As shown in Figure 1d, the water angle of the droplet on the CuO nanowire membrane was 15.3°, indicating a good hydrophilicity. After coating with the NH2-MIL-53(Al) layer, the diameter of the nanowires increased to 159 nm, and the surface became rougher. Noticeably, the water angle of the droplet on this substrate was smaller than that of 10°, indicating the improvement of the surface hydrophilicity after the loading of the NH2-MIL-53(Al) layer onto the CuO nanowires. Such a coaxial core–shell configuration can be confirmed by TEM images, as displayed in Figure 1h. It can be seen that the thickness of the discrete shell is about 43 nm. EDS mapping analysis as shown in Figure 1i–m further confirmed the coaxial core–shell structure. In comparison with Cu (yellow) located at the inner region, Al (purple), N (green) and O (blue) distributed uniformly in the whole nanowire area. The corresponding FT-IR spectra suggest the sharp bands at 3380 cm−1 and 3500 cm−1 are assigned the symmetric and asymmetric N-H vibrations, respectively, further indicating the NH2-MIL-53(Al) loading (Figure S2). The mass loading of NH2-MIL-53(Al) in the composite nanowires was calculated ca. 10.13 wt.% from the TG analysis (Figure S3). The results suggest well-defined coaxial CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM have been successfully grown on the copper mesh by the integrated method.
The interfacial properties of the coaxial core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM will directly affect its adsorption performance for air pollutants. Firstly, the BET surface areas and porous structures of the CuO NWAs/CM and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM were determined by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. As shown in Figure S4, it is clearly seen that the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of CuO NWAs/CM is a typical nonporous adsorption curve of type II, but there is a typical Hysteresis (H3) loop, which indicates that capillary condensation may exist in the array structure. After the NH2-MIL-53(Al) is wrapped onto the CuO nanowires, there is a typical IV adsorption isotherm with H1 ring, indicating that mesoporous adsorption and capillary adsorption coexist. The surface charge of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM was evaluated by ζ potential detection. The ζ potential of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM was measured at about +23.6 mV in aqueous solution, indicating an interface with electronegativity. In summary, we have constructed a positively charged superhydrophilic interface on the surface of copper mesh with certain adsorption properties. Furthermore, the electrical properties of the copper mesh interface are mainly derived from amino groups and have a strong interaction with acidic toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide. Thus, the air filter system is designed to collect PM2.5 and SO2 in a more active manner by electrostatic force when a voltage is applied to the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter. Compared with the short-range intermolecular force used in the previous research on polarized polymer nanofiber particle filters, when low electric energy is applied, the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter uses long-range electrostatic force and short-range electrostatic force, which can not only collect particulate matter more effectively, but also complete the efficient collection of toxic gases at the same time.
The schematic diagram and test device for measuring the PM2.5 capture efficiency were displayed in Figure 2a,b, respectively. Specifically, as shown in Figure 2a, the whole device consists of an air inlet, a modified copper net, an air outlet and a detection system in turn. Firstly, a filter was fixed at the joint of two glasses. The thickness of one layer of the filter is 64 μm (Figure 2c), and the rigid-thin-layer ensures that fresh air can easily pass through. Subsequently, a PM2.5 detector was placed in the right glass of the experimental device to measure the concentration of PM2.5, and a 1.5 V negative ion generator was placed in the left glass of the experimental device to negatively charge PM2.5. Finally, the left fan acts as a suction force from left to right, and the pressure drop is measured by a pressure gauge. When the voltage applied to the filter is positively charged, an electric field will be established between the filter and PM2.5. The performance of the filter in removing PM2.5 was tested under and without an external electric field, respectively. As shown in Figure 2e, the PM2.5 removal efficiency of the Cu mesh filter, CuO NWAs/CM filter and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter was 1.7%, 12.25%, and 44.41%, respectively, indicating that the uniform growth of CuO nanowire arrays and NH2-MIL-53(Al) on the CuO nanowire arrays all can significantly improve the filtration efficiency. The different mass changes with 0~60 min adsorption time that occurred in the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter under zero field and a certain electric field were compared in Figure 2c. The mass changes with 0~60 min adsorption time that occurred in the pure Cu mesh, CuO membrane and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) membrane under zero field and a certain electric field were further compared in Figure S5. The digital images and SEM images of the as-prepared CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter before and after the 60 min PM2.5 capture test under the electric field were, respectively, exhibited in Figure 2f, indicating an excellent PM2.5 removal performance in our air filter under the influence of the electric field. The corresponding SEM image (Figure S6) of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter after capturing PM2.5 shows that more and more PM2.5 is captured with the increase in adsorption time. Interestingly, during the adsorption process, PM2.5 was uniformly adsorbed on the surface of nanowires without tip effect. While, after applied a certain electric field, the removal efficiency of the Cu mesh, CuO membrane and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter was greatly improved to 73.39%, 86.17% and 98.72%, respectively, indicating strong PM filtration capability. Compared with the highest-level medical protective mask material of melt-blown cloth (>95%) or polymer nanofiber network particle filter (95−99%), the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter shows a high efficiency (>98.72%) [14].
Furthermore, as shown in Figure 3, SEM image of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter after capturing PM2.5 shows that the most important contribution during the adsorption process is tip adsorption. Due to tip adsorption, spherical-like aggregates with particle sizes of 1–2 microns can be formed on the top of the nanowires, which can not only intercept a large amount of PM2.5 but also cannot block the gaps in the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter. Therefore, even if a large amount of PM2.5 is trapped, the filter still has good air permeability. What is more, even after 10 cycles of ethylene glycol washing, the removal efficiency has virtually no obvious change and still reaches 97.46% (Figure 2g). PM2.5 aggregates are easily cleaned due to the good solubility of PM2.5 in highly polar solvents (Figure 3f), and the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter will not be damaged even after repeated cleaning, which ensures the reusability of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter. However, with repeated use after continuous washing, the removal efficiency of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter tends to decrease under the action of no electric field, and drops to 38.65% after 10 repetitions (Figure 2f). All this may be due to the mechanism in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4, the filtering membrane mainly filters PM2.5 through interception, inertial collision, Brownian diffusion and gravity sedimentation without applying an electric field. Moreover, during the filtration process, due to the hydrophilicity of the filter surface and the fact that NH2− groups easily form positively charged NH3+ (the ζ potential is +23.6 mV), the filter surface is easy capable of generating relatively weak intermolecular forces such as short-range electrostatic force or van der Waals force with the permanent dipoles of PM2.5 to capture PM2.5. However, it is well known that with repeated use, the short-range electrostatic force will gradually decrease and cause the PM removal rate to decrease [14,15]. When a positive voltage is applied to the core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires of the filter to permeate the network. At the same time, PM2.5 is generated from the incense and negatively charged by the ionizer. Thus, an electric field is built between the filter and PM2.5, and a strong long-range electrostatic attraction is generated between the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter and PM2.5 was described in the following Equation and Figure 3b.
Fe = Ke (q1 q2/r + Q1 Q2/R)
Ke is Coulomb’s constant, q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the charges which can generate short-range electrostatic interaction, Q1 and Q2 are the magnitudes of the charges which can generate long-range electrostatic interaction, and r, R are the distances between two charges with different properties, respectively. Therefore, under the action of an applied electric field, the removal process of PM2.5 depends on the synergistic effect of long-range electrostatic interaction and short-range electrostatic interaction between the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter and PM2.5, resulting in more particles being adsorbed on the net and intercepted instead of being merely blocked. The remote electrostatic interaction force generated by the applied electric field plays a leading role in the filtration system and is both controllable and unaffected by the interface properties of materials. Therefore, under the condition of an external electric field, the filtering membrane can be reused without lowering the removal rate.
In addition to PM2.5 capture, the CuO@NH2-MIL-53 (aluminum) filter is also designed to adsorb SO2, which is one of the most dangerous and common gaseous pollutants. The SO2 adsorption performance of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53 filter and the adsorption capacity per unit area of the filter were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, as shown in Figure 5a. The adsorption curve shows that the filter has a high adsorption speed in the first 20 min and reaches an adsorption saturation of 4.87 mol/m2 after about 60 min, which fully conforms to the Langmuir formula. Furthermore, Figure 5b indicates the filter can be reused and retained a stable SO2 adsorption performance of 3.6 mol/m2 after three cycles of the adsorption–desorption procedure by regenerating the filter under N2 flow for 12 h at 25 °C. The excellent adsorption capacity of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) prepared in our work is owing to the enhanced porosity, smaller pore size of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) (Figure S4a). Additionally, the dynamic diameter of SO2 is 3.6 Å, while the pore size of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) prepared in our work is 18 Å (Figure S4b). Besides, the amine radicals of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) played a crucial role in acidic polar gas species adsorption. As shown in Figure S7, the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter exhibited a superior SO2 adsorption performance to the CuO@MIL-53(Al) filter, suggesting that the amino-groups in CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) improved the performance in acidic polar gases adsorption due to every MIL-53(Al) unit cooperating with amino-groups.

4. Conclusions

In this work, we presented a copper-mesh-supported coaxial core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowire array filter combining excellent PM2.5 and SO2 removal abilities simultaneously. The removal rates of PM2.5 by the coaxial core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) NWAs/CM filter with and without an external electric field are 98.72% and 44.41%, respectively. In addition, the filter can adsorb SO2 selectively and effectively when exposed in 1% SO2/N2 mixture, demonstrating an excellent capacity of 4.87 mol/m2. The CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter was found to still retain a dynamic efficiency for air pollution even after cycling several times, indicating that it can be potentially applied to the effective improvement of air clean.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/atmos13081260/s1.

Author Contributions

J.L.: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. Q.S.: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing—original draft. Z.P.: Formal analysis, Data curation. Y.G.: Formal analysis. P.C.: Investigation. F.H.: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, project administration, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21771001), Key projects of quality engineering teaching and research in Anhui Province (2018jyxm0365), the Program of Anhui Scientific and Technical Leaders Reserve Candidates (2018H168), the Scholar Program for the Outstanding Innovative Talent of College Discipline (Specialty), and open fund for Discipline Construction, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Rahman, M.; Thurston, G. A hybrid satellite and land use regression model of source-specific PM2.5 and PM2.5 constituents. Environ. Int. 2022, 163, 107233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Xue, T.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Geng, G.; Zheng, Y.; Tong, D.; Liu, Z.; Guan, D.; Bo, Y.; Zhu, T.; et al. Rapid Improvement of PM2.5 Pollution and Associated Health Benefits in China During 2013–2017. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2019, 62, 1847–1856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Azevedo, R.S.S.; de Sousa, J.R.; Araujo, M.T.F.; Martins Filho, A.J.; de Alcantara, B.N.; Araujo, F.M.C.; Queiroz, M.G.L.; Cruz, A.C.R.; Vasconcelos, B.H.B.; Chiang, J.O.; et al. In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by zika virus. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Wang, G.C.; Shi, Q.; Wang, H.; Sun, K.Z.; Lu, Y.X.; Di, K.X. Multi-modal image feature fusion-based PM2.5 concentration estimation. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2022, 13, 101345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Kampa, M.; Castanas, E. human health effects of air pollution. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 151, 362–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Evans, J.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R.V.; Burnett, R.; Rainham, D.G.; Birkett, N.J.; Krewski, D. Estimates of global mortality attributable to particulate air pollution using satellite imagery. Environ. Res. 2013, 120, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Gaffney, J.S.; Streit, G.E.; Spall, W.D.; Hall, J.H. Beyond Acid Rain. Do Soluble Oxidants and Organic Toxinsinteract with SO2 and NOx to Increase Ecosystem Effects ? Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987, 21, 519–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Turner, M.C.; Krewski, D.; Pope, C.A., 3rd; Chen, Y.; Gapstur, S.M.; Thun, M.J. Long-Term Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in a Large Cohort of Never-Smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2011, 184, 1374–1381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Zhang, L.; Jin, X.; Johnson, A.C.; Giesy, J.P. Hazard Posed by Metals and As in PM2.5 in Air of Five Megacities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China During APEC. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2016, 23, 17603–17612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Xiao, J.; Liang, J.; Zhang, C.; Tao, Y.; Ling, G.-W.; Yang, Q.-H. Advanced Materials for Capturing Particulate Matter: Progress and Perspectives. Small Methods 2018, 2, 1800012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Trakumas, S.; Willeke, K.; Reponen, T.; Grinshpun, S.A.; Friedman, W. Comparison of Filter Bag, Cyclonic, and Wet Dust Collection Methods in Vacuum Cleaners. AIHAJ-Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 2001, 62, 573–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Grass, N.; Hartmann, W.; Klockner, M. Application of Different Types of High-Voltage Supplies on Industrial Electrostatic Precipitators. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2004, 40, 1513–1520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Park, J.-S. Electrospinning and its applications. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011, 1, 043002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Liu, J.; Ren, B.; Wang, Y.; Lu, Y.; Wang, L.; Chen, Y.; Yang, J.; Huang, Y. Hierarchical Porous Ceramics with 3D Reticular Architecture and Efficient Flow-Through Filtration Towards High-Temperature Particulate Matter Capture. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 362, 504–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Bai, Y.; Han, C.B.; He, C.; Gu, G.Q.; Nie, J.H.; Shao, J.J.; Xiao, T.X.; Deng, C.R.; Wang, Z.L. Washable Multilayer Triboelectric Air Filter for Efficient Particulate Matter PM2.5Removal. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1706680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Khalid, B.; Bai, X.; Wei, H.; Huang, Y.; Wu, H.; Cui, Y. Direct Blow-Spinning of Nanofibers on a Window Screen for Highly Efficient PM2.5 Removal. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 1140–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Jeong, S.; Cho, H.; Han, S.; Won, P.; Lee, H.; Hong, S.; Yeo, J.; Kwon, J.; Ko, S.H. High Efficiency, Transparent, Reusable, and Active PM2.5 Filters by Hierarchical Ag Nanowire Percolation Network. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 4339–4346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Huang, W.R.; He, Z.; Wang, J.L.; Liu, J.W.; Yu, S.H. Mass Production of Nanowire-Nylon Flexible Transparent Smart Windows for PM2.5 Capture. iScience 2019, 12, 333–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Guo, W.; Zhang, X.; Yu, X.; Wang, S.; Qiu, J.; Tang, W.; Li, L.; Liu, H.; Wang, Z.L. Self-Powered Electrical Stimulation for Enhancing Neural Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Graphene-Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Hybrid Microfibers. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 5086–5095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zhang, P.; Wan, D.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, G.; Hu, J.; Shao, G. RGO-Functionalized Polymer Nanofibrous Membrane with Exceptional Surface Activity and Ultra-Low Airflow Resistance for PM2.5 Filtration. Environ. Sci. Nano 2018, 5, 1813–1820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Glover, T.G.; Peterson, G.W.; Schindler, B.J.; Britt, D.; Yaghi, O. MOF-74 Building Unit has a Direct Impact on Toxic Gas Adsorption. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2011, 66, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Xu, J.; Liu, C.; Hsu, P.C.; Liu, K.; Zhang, R.; Liu, Y.; Cui, Y. Roll-to-Roll Transfer of Electrospun Nanofiber Film for High-Efficiency Transparent Air Filter. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1270–1275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Liu, H.; Cao, C.; Huang, J.; Chen, Z.; Chen, G.; Lai, Y. Progress on Particulate Matter Filtration Technology: Basic Concepts, Advanced Materials, and Performances. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 437–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Gu, G.Q.; Han, C.B.; Lu, C.X.; He, C.; Jiang, T.; Gao, Z.L.; Li, C.J.; Wang, Z.L. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enhanced Nanofiber Air Filters for Efficient Particulate Matter Removal. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 6211–6217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Ma, X.; Chai, Y.; Li, P.; Wang, B. Metal-Organic Framework Films and Their Potential Applications in Environmental Pollution Control. Accounts Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 1461–1470. [Google Scholar]
  26. Ma, S.; Zhang, M.; Nie, J.; Tan, J.; Yang, B.; Song, S. Design of Double-Component Metal-Organic Framework Air Filters with PM2.5 Capture, Gas Adsorption and Antibacterial Capacities. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 203, 415–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Feng, S.; Li, X.; Zhao, S.; Hu, Y.; Zhong, Z.; Xing, W.; Wang, H. Multifunctional Metal Organic Framework and Carbon Nanotube-Modified Filter for Combined Ultrafine Dust Capture and SO2 Dynamic Adsorption. Environ. Sci. Nano 2018, 5, 3023–3031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Peterson, G.W.; Mahle, J.J.; DeCoste, J.B.; Gordon, W.O.; Rossin, J.A. Extraordinary NO2 Removal by the Metal-Organic Framework UiO-66-NH2. Angew. Chem. 2016, 55, 6235–6238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Peterson, G.W.; DeCoste, J.B.; Fatollahi-Fard, F.; Britt, D.K. Engineering UiO-66-NH2 for Toxic Gas Removal. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 701–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Zhao, J.; Nunn, W.T.; Lemaire, P.C.; Lin, Y.; Dickey, M.D.; Oldham, C.J.; Walls, H.J.; Peterson, G.W.; Losego, M.D.; Parsons, G.N. Facile Conversion of Hydroxy Double Salts to Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Metal Oxide Particles and Atomic Layer Deposition Thin-Film Templates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 13756–13759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Wisser, D.; Wisser, F.M.; Raschke, S.; Klein, N.; Leistner, M.; Grothe, J.; Brunner, E.; Kaskel, S. Biological Chitin-MOF Composites with Hierarchical Pore Systems for Air-Filtration Application. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 12588–12591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Furukawa, H.; Cordova, K.E.; O’Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O.M. The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Science 2013, 341, 1230444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Zhang, Y.; Yuan, S.; Feng, X.; Li, H.; Zhou, J.; Wang, B. Preparation of Nanofibrous Metal-Organic Framework Filters for Efficient Air Pollution Control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 5785–5788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Zhao, X.; Li, Y.; Hua, T.; Jiang, P.; Yin, X.; Yu, J.; Ding, B. Low-Resistance Dual-Purpose Air Filter Releasing Negative Ions and Effectively Capturing PM2.5. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 12054–12063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Atmosphere 13 01260 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the formation process of core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires grown on 400 copper mesh. (b,c) Different magnification SEM images of CuO nanowires and (e,f) core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires grown on 400 copper mesh. (d,g) The respective water contact angles of CuO and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowire arrays. (h) High-resolution TEM graph of a single core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53 nanowire. (k) TEM graph of a single core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53 nanowire, and the red frame is the actual sampling range of EDS. (i–m) Elemental mapping images of Cu, O, Al, and N record from the same zone.
Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the formation process of core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires grown on 400 copper mesh. (b,c) Different magnification SEM images of CuO nanowires and (e,f) core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires grown on 400 copper mesh. (d,g) The respective water contact angles of CuO and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowire arrays. (h) High-resolution TEM graph of a single core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53 nanowire. (k) TEM graph of a single core–shell CuO@NH2-MIL-53 nanowire, and the red frame is the actual sampling range of EDS. (i–m) Elemental mapping images of Cu, O, Al, and N record from the same zone.
Atmosphere 13 01260 g001
Atmosphere 13 01260 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) test device. (c) photo-image of the experimental setup for measuring the PM2.5 removal filter. (d) PM2.5 filtration efficiency of the pure Cu mesh, CuO and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) membranes at an applied electric field and zero electric field. (e) The areal mass change of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter after PM2.5 capture with different adsorption time at an applied electric field and zero electric field. (f) Photos and SEM images of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter before and after PM2.5 capture at an applied electric field. (g) Repeated PM2.5 removal performance test of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) membrane at zero electric field and applied electric field.
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) test device. (c) photo-image of the experimental setup for measuring the PM2.5 removal filter. (d) PM2.5 filtration efficiency of the pure Cu mesh, CuO and CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) membranes at an applied electric field and zero electric field. (e) The areal mass change of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter after PM2.5 capture with different adsorption time at an applied electric field and zero electric field. (f) Photos and SEM images of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter before and after PM2.5 capture at an applied electric field. (g) Repeated PM2.5 removal performance test of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) membrane at zero electric field and applied electric field.
Atmosphere 13 01260 g002
Atmosphere 13 01260 g003 550
Figure 3. SEM images of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter with different time of PM2.5 capture under an applied electric field. (a–c) 30 min, (d,e) 60 min, and (f) after ethylene glycol washing.
Figure 3. SEM images of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter with different time of PM2.5 capture under an applied electric field. (a–c) 30 min, (d,e) 60 min, and (f) after ethylene glycol washing.
Atmosphere 13 01260 g003
Atmosphere 13 01260 g004 550
Figure 4. Illustration of the PM2.5 capture process. (a) Schematic of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter capturing PM2.5. (b) Schematic of electrostatic precipitation which captures PM2.5 of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires at an applied electric field. (c) CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires at zero electric field. (d) Filtration schematic of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires of the PM2.5 capture mechanism filtrating PM2.5. (e) Proposed capture mechanism of the filter for PM2.5 and SO2.
Figure 4. Illustration of the PM2.5 capture process. (a) Schematic of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter capturing PM2.5. (b) Schematic of electrostatic precipitation which captures PM2.5 of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires at an applied electric field. (c) CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires at zero electric field. (d) Filtration schematic of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanowires of the PM2.5 capture mechanism filtrating PM2.5. (e) Proposed capture mechanism of the filter for PM2.5 and SO2.
Atmosphere 13 01260 g004
Atmosphere 13 01260 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) SO2 adsorption performance of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter. (b) Cycle performance of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter after regenerating under a N2 flow at 25 °C.
Figure 5. (a) SO2 adsorption performance of CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter. (b) Cycle performance of the CuO@NH2-MIL-53(Al) filter after regenerating under a N2 flow at 25 °C.
Atmosphere 13 01260 g005
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, J.; Sun, Q.; Ping, Z.; Gao, Y.; Chen, P.; Huang, F. Electric Field-Driven Air Purification Filter for High Efficiency Removal of PM2.5 and SO2: Local Electric Field Induction and External Electric Field Enhancement. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081260

AMA Style

Li J, Sun Q, Ping Z, Gao Y, Chen P, Huang F. Electric Field-Driven Air Purification Filter for High Efficiency Removal of PM2.5 and SO2: Local Electric Field Induction and External Electric Field Enhancement. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(8):1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081260

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Jian, Qingyun Sun, Zhongxin Ping, Yihong Gao, Peiyu Chen, and Fangzhi Huang. 2022. "Electric Field-Driven Air Purification Filter for High Efficiency Removal of PM2.5 and SO2: Local Electric Field Induction and External Electric Field Enhancement" Atmosphere 13, no. 8: 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081260

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop