Source Identification of PM2.5 during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Site
2.2. Measurement of Stable Isotopes
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PM2.5 Mass Concentration
3.2. Temporal Variation in Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes in PM2.5
3.3. Contribution to PM2.5 from Burning C3 and C4 Plants
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | January | February | March | April | May | Mean ± S.D. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 19.9 ± 5.33 | 39.6 ± 9.92 | 44.5 ± 6.65 | 51.2 ± 11.2 | 23.1 ± 19.2 | 35.8 ± 16.3 |
TC (µg/m3) | 9.90 ± 1.84 | 14.7 ± 3.13 | 14.8 ± 4.25 | 15.3 ± 5.31 | 6.23 ± 4.91 | 12.0 ± 5.32 |
TN (µg/m3) | 1.10 ± 0.29 | 1.87 ± 0.71 | 1.90 ± 0.76 | 2.99 ± 0.76 | 1.76 ± 1.47 | 1.83 ± 0.89 |
TC/TN | 9.23 ± 1.46 | 9.09 ± 4.21 | 7.47 ± 2.04 | 5.15 ± 1.64 | 3.85 ± 1.58 | 6.82 ± 3.15 |
δ13C (‰) | −25.3 ± 0.46 | −25.5 ± 0.79 | −26.6 ± 0.53 | −26.7 ± 0.39 | −26.2 ± 0.42 | −26.1 ± 0.77 |
δ15N (‰) | 7.77 ± 1.32 | 9.38 ± 2.25 | 10.5 ± 1.71 | 12.7 ± 1.61 | 11.1 ± 3.89 | 10.3 ± 0.86 |
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Kawichai, S.; Prapamontol, T.; Cao, F.; Song, W.; Zhang, Y. Source Identification of PM2.5 during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071149
Kawichai S, Prapamontol T, Cao F, Song W, Zhang Y. Source Identification of PM2.5 during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(7):1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071149
Chicago/Turabian StyleKawichai, Sawaeng, Tippawan Prapamontol, Fang Cao, Wenhuai Song, and Yanlin Zhang. 2022. "Source Identification of PM2.5 during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes" Atmosphere 13, no. 7: 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071149