Non-Invasive-Monitoring Methodology for the Evaluation of Environmental Impacts on Istrian Stone Surfaces in Venice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Selected Environmental Indicators
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- Average concentrations of NOx were high and cause of concern, and the years from 2000 to 2004 showed exceedances of the maximum daily allowable limit by Italian law [33]. Rio Novo station (available for years 2017–2020) recorded the highest average annual concentrations among the considered stations, but in 2020 the trend is downward.
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- The SO2 trend has varied greatly over the years; from high concentrations of great concern before 2009, the trend has stabilized toward concentrations less than 10 µg/m3. SO2 is no longer monitored by Arpav, confirming that sulfur dioxide is no longer a critical pollutant.
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- Ozone concentrations tend to increase during the warm and sunny periods of the year, and this explains the inconstancy in the concentrations of some years. In addition, there is an upward trend since in recent years there have been prolonged periods with anti-cyclonic situations and high temperatures that have increased the formation of ozone.
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- The PM10 trend refers to the years from 2004 to 2020 as the data previously collected were incomplete. Particulate matter shows strong seasonal variability with higher concentrations in winter months. The limit number of annual daily exceedances for PM10 has been significantly surpassed from 2004 to 2008. Additionally, even if PM10 shows a slightly downward trend, high concentrations are maintained over time.
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- Concerning PM2.5, the station of Sacca Fisola and Bissuola did not detect this pollutant before 2011. PM2.5 annual concentrations are very high, above the allowed limit value for human safety [25], and an upwards trend is shown for the year 2020.
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- The average temperature over the years has risen, maintaining a rather stable upward trend in recent years, especially in the months of April, May, June, and August.
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- The trend of rainfall has diverged a lot over the years; the months that have been found to be rainier are November and September, while January, June–August, and December seem to be less rainy with the passage of time.
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- There is evidence of general high-humidity levels in conjunction with static climatic conditions for long periods, leading to low dispersion rates of pollutants. Thus, a consequent increase of pollutant concentration in the historic center is revealed, in particular for NO2 in the Rio Novo station.
3.2. Physico-Chemical and Morphological Evolution of Istrian Stone Surfaces
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exposed (E) Surfaces | Sheltered (S) Surfaces | ||
---|---|---|---|
Palace | Year | Dino-Lite Photo Scale Bar 2 mm = | Dino-Lite Photo Scale Bar 2 mm = |
Garzoni Palace | 2020 | ||
- | - | - | |
Ca’ Foscari | 2020 | ||
2015 | |||
Ca’ Dolfin | 2020 | ||
2015 |
Palace | Year | Exposition | Lr ± σ mm | Ra | Rmax ± σ mm | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garzoni Palace | 2020 2020 | GAR-E-canal GAR-S-canal | 1.22 ± 0.08 1.23 ± 0.07 | 0.24 0.30 | 1.40 ± 0.11 1.56 ± 0.12 | 0.34 0.26 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
Ca’ Foscari | 2020 2020 | CAF-E-canal CAF-S-courtyard | 1.19 ± 0.11 1.23 ± 0.05 | 0.20 0.30 | 1.31 ± 0.16 1.65 ± 0.06 | 0.46 0.31 |
2015 2015 | CAF-E-canal CAF-S-courtyard | 1.19 ± 0.24 1.22 ± 0.08 | 0.21 0.30 | 1.29 ± 0.06 1.61 ± 0.11 | 0.50 0.42 | |
Ca’ Dolfin | 2020 2020 | DOL-S-canal DOL-S-courtyard | 1.22 ± 0.13 1.29 ± 0.10 | 0.29 0.35 | 0.14 ± 0.15 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.11 0.14 |
2015 2015 | DOL-S-canal DOL-S-courtyard | 1.23 ±0.09 1.31 ± 0.08 | 0.28 0.36 | 0.11 ± 0.09 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.14 0.19 |
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Gnemmi, M.; Falchi, L.; Zendri, E. Non-Invasive-Monitoring Methodology for the Evaluation of Environmental Impacts on Istrian Stone Surfaces in Venice. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071036
Gnemmi M, Falchi L, Zendri E. Non-Invasive-Monitoring Methodology for the Evaluation of Environmental Impacts on Istrian Stone Surfaces in Venice. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(7):1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071036
Chicago/Turabian StyleGnemmi, Margherita, Laura Falchi, and Elisabetta Zendri. 2022. "Non-Invasive-Monitoring Methodology for the Evaluation of Environmental Impacts on Istrian Stone Surfaces in Venice" Atmosphere 13, no. 7: 1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071036