Multi-Decadal Variability and Future Changes in Precipitation over Southern Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Observation Data
2.2.2. Model Data
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Model Performance and Ranking
2.3.2. Trend Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Climatology
3.2. Trend Analysis
3.3. Model Performance and Ranking
3.4. Projected Precipitation Changes
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Model Number | Model Name | Modeling Center/Nation | Horizontal Resolution (lat. × lon.) |
---|---|---|---|
1 2 | ACCESS–CM2 ACCESS–ESM1–5 | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization/Australia | 1.25° × 1.875° 1.25° × 1.875° |
3 | BCC–CSM2–MR | Beijing Climate Center China Meteorological Administration/China | 1.125° × 1.125° |
4 | CanESM5 | Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis/Canada | 2.8° × 2.8° |
5 6 | CNRM–CM6–1 CNRM–ESM2–1 | Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques–Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique/France | 1.4° × 1.4° 1.4° × 1.4° |
7 | EC–Earth3–Veg | EC–EARTH consortium/Europe | 0.7° × 0.7° |
8 | FGOALS–g3 | Chinese Academy of Sciences/China | 2.25° × 2° |
9 10 | GFDL–CM4 GFDL–ESM4 | NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/USA | 1° × 1.25° 1° × 1.25° |
11 | HadGEM3–GC31–LL | Met Office Hadley Centre/UK | 1.25° × 1.875° |
12 13 | INM–CM4–8 INM–CM5–0 | Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science/Russia | 1.5° × 2° 1.5° × 2° |
14 | IPSL–CM6A–LR | L’Institut Pierre–Simon Laplace/France | 1.26° × 2.5° |
15 16 | MIROC6 MIROC–ES2L | Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, National Institute for Environmental Studies, and RIKEN Center for Computational Science/Japan | 1.4° × 1.4° 2.8° × 2.8° |
17 18 | MPI–ESM–1–2–HR MPI–ESM–1–2–LR | Max Planck Institute for Meteorology/Germany | 0.9375° × 0.9375° 1.875° × 1.875° |
19 | MRI–ESM2–0 | Meteorological Research Institute /Japan | 1.125° × 1.125° |
20 | NESM3 | Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology/China | 1.875° × 1.875° |
21 22 | NorESM2–LM NorESM2–MM | Norwegian Climate Centre/Norway | 1.875° × 2.5° 0.9375° × 1.25° |
23 | UKESM1–0–LL | Met Office Hadley Centre/UK | 1.25° × 1.875° |
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Lim Kam Sian, K.T.C.; Wang, J.; Ayugi, B.O.; Nooni, I.K.; Ongoma, V. Multi-Decadal Variability and Future Changes in Precipitation over Southern Africa. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060742
Lim Kam Sian KTC, Wang J, Ayugi BO, Nooni IK, Ongoma V. Multi-Decadal Variability and Future Changes in Precipitation over Southern Africa. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(6):742. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060742
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim Kam Sian, Kenny Thiam Choy, Jianhong Wang, Brian Odhiambo Ayugi, Isaac Kwesi Nooni, and Victor Ongoma. 2021. "Multi-Decadal Variability and Future Changes in Precipitation over Southern Africa" Atmosphere 12, no. 6: 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060742