High Latitude Dust Transport Altitude Pattern Revealed from Deposition on Snow, Svalbard
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Hornsund
1.2. Pyramiden
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Snow Sampling
2.2. Snow Density and HLD Deposition Estimation
2.3. Sediment Composition
2.4. Meteorological Observations
3. Results
3.1. HLD Deposition
3.2. Main and Trace Element Proportions
3.3. Atmospheric Properties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ariekammen | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
date | 26 June 2019 | |||||
Sample ID | latitude | longitude | altitude (m a.s.l.) | snow density (g cm−3) | melted water volume (l) | sediment concentration (g m−2) * |
Arie 1 | 77° 00.815′ | 15° 30.984′ | 346 | 0.49 | 0.75 | 0.70 |
Arie 2 | 77° 00.757′ | 15° 31.001′ | 302 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.49 |
Arie 3 | 77° 00.710′ | 15° 31.140′ | 250 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.91 |
Arie 4 | 77° 00.667′ | 15° 31.247′ | 195 | 0.53 | 0.81 | 3.42 |
Arie 5 | 77° 00.632′ | 15° 31.274′ | 147 | 0.54 | 0.83 | 4.43 |
Arie 6 | 77° 00.600′ | 15° 31.319′ | 114 | 0.58 | 0.89 | 6.14 |
Arie 7 | 77° 00.508′ | 15° 31.519′ | 48 | 0.59 | 0.91 | 10.39 |
Pyramiden | ||||||
date | 4 July 2019 | |||||
Sample ID | latitude | longitude | altitude (m a.s.l.) | snow density (g cm−3) | melted water volume (l) | sediment concentration (g m−2) * |
Pyr 1 | 78° 41.101′ | 16° 22.989′ | 538 | 0.53 | 0.82 | 3.30 |
Pyr 2 | 78° 41.077′ | 16° 23.462′ | 468 | 0.53 | 0.82 | 3.81 |
Pyr 3 | 78° 41.051′ | 16° 23.820′ | 402 | 0.50 | 0.77 | 2.66 |
Pyr 4 | 78° 41.015′ | 16° 24.170′ | 336 | 0.57 | 0.87 | 2.77 |
Pyr 5 | 78° 40.989′ | 16° 24.481′ | 283 | 0.53 | 0.81 | 13.14 |
Pyr 6 | 78° 40.934′ | 16° 25.405′ | 141 | 0.45 | 0.70 | 14.92 |
Pyr 7 | 78° 41.074′ | 16° 27.145′ | 12 | 0.54 | 0.83 | 24.56 |
Hornsund | ||
---|---|---|
location | N 77.00035° E 15.53674° | |
altitude | 10 m a.s.l. | |
variable | sensor | height/depth |
air temperature | HMP155 | 2 m a.g.l. |
ground temperature | PT100/8 | −0.2 m |
relative humidity | HMP155 | 2 m a.g.l. |
wind speed | Vaisala WMT702 | 10 m a.g.l. |
wind direction | Vaisala WMT702 | 10 m a.g.l. |
cloud base height | manual observation | |
Pyramiden-terrace station | ||
location | N 78.71060° E 16.46059° | |
altitude | 14 m a.s.l. | |
variable | sensor | height/depth |
air temperature | EMS33H | 2 m a.g.l. |
ground temperature | PT100/8 | −0.2 m |
relative humidity | EMS33H | 2 m a.g.l. |
wind speed | MetOne 034B | 6 m a.g.l. |
wind direction | MetOne 034B | 6 m a.g.l. |
Pyramiden-Mumien station | ||
location | N 78.70021° E 16.31638° | |
altitude | 764 m a.s.l. | |
variable | sensor | height/depth |
air temperature | EMS33H | 2 m a.g.l. |
ground temperature | ||
relative humidity | EMS33H | 2 m a.g.l. |
wind speed | MetOne 034B | 3 m a.g.l. |
wind direction | MetOne 034B | 3 m a.g.l. |
Sample ID. | Altitude | Si | Ca | Fe | Sr | Zr | Cl | Si/Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arie 1 | 346 | 35,527.45 | 17,535.63 | 5591.19 | 11.46 | 13.40 | 87,185.83 | 0.41 |
Arie 2 | 302 | 25,206.99 | 14,504.48 | 1524.64 | 7.99 | 10.48 | 120,173.77 | 0.21 |
Arie 3 | 250 | 31,735.19 | 16,000.67 | 3347.44 | 7.49 | 13.33 | 109,335.93 | 0.29 |
Arie 4 | 195 | 40,261.13 | 18,762.51 | 6818.82 | 17.02 | 12.53 | 75,324.28 | 0.53 |
Arie 5 | 147 | 27,658.96 | 15,577.55 | 140.73 | 5.94 | 9.66 | 120,469.78 | 0.23 |
Arie 6 | 114 | 43,909.46 | 16,342.59 | 1084.03 | 6.74 | 10.28 | 112,958.65 | 0.39 |
Arie 7 | 48 | 33,987.21 | 17,620.37 | 5719.63 | 11.21 | 14.11 | 123,931.74 | 0.27 |
sample ID | altitude | Si | Ca | Fe | Sr | Zr | Cl | Si/Cl |
Pyr 1 | 538 | 83,923.06 | 44,008.52 | 15,012.82 | 14.38 | 25.16 | 65,231.74 | 1.29 |
Pyr 2 | 468 | 131,277.49 | 49,174.46 | 25,515.10 | 21.63 | 40.22 | 33,653.26 | 3.90 |
Pyr 3 | 402 | 118,449.13 | 38,302.62 | 22,119.44 | 20.97 | 47.92 | 47,749.67 | 2.48 |
Pyr 4 | 336 | 76,141.49 | 39,493.15 | 13,722.49 | 15.83 | 28.83 | 70,748.88 | 1.08 |
Pyr 5 | 283 | 120,432.14 | 54,083.85 | 21,212.57 | 17.36 | 51.43 | 35,132.70 | 3.43 |
Pyr 6 | 141 | 92,032.48 | 117,957.89 | 43,413.83 | 61.53 | 168.94 | ||
Pyr 7 | 12 | 62,264.92 | 78,181.74 | 36,727.99 | 68.53 | 158.69 | 8103.41 | 7.68 |
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Kavan, J.; Láska, K.; Nawrot, A.; Wawrzyniak, T. High Latitude Dust Transport Altitude Pattern Revealed from Deposition on Snow, Svalbard. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121318
Kavan J, Láska K, Nawrot A, Wawrzyniak T. High Latitude Dust Transport Altitude Pattern Revealed from Deposition on Snow, Svalbard. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(12):1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121318
Chicago/Turabian StyleKavan, Jan, Kamil Láska, Adam Nawrot, and Tomasz Wawrzyniak. 2020. "High Latitude Dust Transport Altitude Pattern Revealed from Deposition on Snow, Svalbard" Atmosphere 11, no. 12: 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121318