Air-Traffic Restrictions at the Madeira International Airport Due to Adverse Winds: Links to Synoptic-Scale Patterns and Orographic Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Observations
2.2. Weather Typing and Reanalysis Data
2.3. AROME Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Wind Regime at Madeira Island
3.2. Weather Types and Their Connection between Restriction of Landing and Take-Off Operations Due to Wind Limitations
3.3. A Case Study Analysis
3.3.1. Upstream Conditions and Flow Splitting
3.3.2. Vertical Structure
3.4. Model Verification
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- In the sector 300° to 015° (clockwise), the maximum of two-minutes average wind speed (WS2m) should be inferior to 15 kt and the wind gust should be inferior to 25 kt at the touchdown site. Here, the wind direction refers to the magnetic wind direction.
- In the sector 015° to 040° (clockwise) WS2m < 20 kt and maximum wind gust should be inferior to 30 kt at the touchdown site.
- In the sector 120° to 190° (clockwise):
- ○
- if the Runway in use is 05, WS2m < 20 kt and maximum wind gust should be inferior to 30 kt;
- ○
- if the Runway in use is 23, WS2m < 15 kt and maximum wind gust should be inferior to 25 kt also at MID.
- In the Sector 200° to 230° (clockwise) WS2m and the gust indicated by the MID or RS anemometer should be inferior to 25 kt.
- In the sector 300° to 015° (clockwise) WS2m indicated by the MID anemometer should be inferior to 20 kt.
- In the sector 015° to 040° (clockwise) WS2m indicated by the MID anemometer should be inferior to 25 kt.
- In the sector 120° to 190° (clockwise):
- ○
- if the Runway in use is 05, WS2m indicated by the MID anemometer should be inferior to 25 kt;
- ○
- if the Runway in use is 23, WS2m indicated by the MID anemometer should be inferior to 20 kt.
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Dynamical Features | Weather Types |
---|---|
Deep anticyclonic north-easterly flow | 6, 13, 16, 18, 19 |
Anticyclonic westerly flow | 3, 7, 10 |
Deep anticyclonic northerly flow | 9 |
Shallow anticyclonic north-easterly flow | 1, 2, 4, 11, 14 |
Shallow anticyclonic north-westerly/northerly flow | 12, 15 |
Deep cyclonic westerly flow | 5, 8, 17 |
Blocking high southern flank | 20 |
Site | RMSE | MAE | om | pm | RMSEN | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
05 | 2.5 (4.9) | 2.0 (3.9) | 5.5 (10.7) | 4.7 (9.1) | 0.46 | 0.62 |
RS | 2.2 (4.3) | 1.7 (3.4) | 4.9 (9.5) | 4.1 (7.9) | 0.45 | 0.70 |
MID | 2.4 (4.7) | 1.9 (3.8) | 5.8 (11.3) | 4.5 (8.7) | 0.41 | 0.75 |
23 | 2.7 (5.2) | 2.1 (4.2) | 6.2 (12.1) | 4.5 (8.7) | 0.43 | 0.73 |
960 | 1.3 (2.4) | 1.0 (1.9) | 2.1 (4.1) | 2.3 (4.5) | 0.59 | 0.54 |
973 | 2.8 (5.3) | 2.1 (4.0) | 5.1 (9.8) | 3.3 (6.4) | 0.54 | 0.78 |
978 | 1.6 (3.2) | 1.2 (2.4) | 6.3 (12.3) | 6.3 (12.1) | 0.26 | 0.78 |
986 | 1.7 (3.3) | 1.2 (2.3) | 1.9 (3.7) | 1.5 (3.0) | 0.89 | 0.16 |
522 | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.2) | 1.3 (2.5) | 1.4 (2.8) | 0.71 | 0.62 |
524 | 1.3 (2.6) | 1.0 (1.9) | 5.4 (10.4) | 4.9 (9.6) | 0.25 | 0.74 |
980 | 5.0 (9.7) | 4.2 (8.2) | 8.5 (16.5) | 4.5 (8.8) | 0.59 | 0.84 |
Site | RMSE | MAE | om | pm | RMSEN | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
05 | 3.9 (7.6) | 2.9 (5.7) | 8.4 (16.4) | 10.2 (19.7) | 0.46 | 0.66 |
RS | 3.2 (6.2) | 2.4 (4.7) | 7.8 (15.1) | 8.5 (16.5) | 0.41 | 0.76 |
MID | 3.2 (6.2) | 2.4 (4.7) | 9.0 (17.5) | 10.2 (19.8) | 0.35 | 0.78 |
23 | 2.8 (5.5) | 2.2 (4.3) | 9.5 (18.5) | 10.2 (19.8) | 0.30 | 0.79 |
960 | 1.6 (3.1) | 1.2 (2.4) | 4.0 (7.8) | 4.1 (8.0) | 0.40 | 0.64 |
973 | 3.3 (6.3) | 2.6 (5.0) | 7.1 (13.8) | 8.1 (15.8) | 0.46 | 0.78 |
978 | 2.7 (5.3) | 2.3 (4.4) | 10.8 (21.0) | 8.9 (17.3) | 0.25 | 0.86 |
986 | 2.3 (4.5) | 1.8 (3.4) | 3.2 (6.2) | 3.5 (6.9) | 0.72 | 0.24 |
522 | 1.7 (3.4) | 1.2 (2.3) | 2.7 (5.2) | 3.3 (6.3) | 0.66 | 0.65 |
524 | 1.6 (3.1) | 1.2 (2.4) | 8.1 (15.7) | 8.4 (16.3) | 0.20 | 0.81 |
980 | 3.3 (6.5) | 2.7 (5.3) | 11.1 (21.5) | 9.9 (19.3) | 0.30 | 0.82 |
Site | RMSE | MAE |
---|---|---|
05 | 33.2 | 29.5 |
RS | 35.8 | 26.7 |
MID | 26.7 | 23.9 |
23 | 16.6 | 12.8 |
960 | 38.8 | 33.4 |
973 | 26.9 | 21.4 |
978 | 19.9 | 14.1 |
986 | 77.1 | 61.3 |
522 | 49.6 | 29.0 |
524 | 16.1 | 13.4 |
980 | 20.2 | 16.1 |
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Belo-Pereira, M.; Santos, J.A. Air-Traffic Restrictions at the Madeira International Airport Due to Adverse Winds: Links to Synoptic-Scale Patterns and Orographic Effects. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111257
Belo-Pereira M, Santos JA. Air-Traffic Restrictions at the Madeira International Airport Due to Adverse Winds: Links to Synoptic-Scale Patterns and Orographic Effects. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111257
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelo-Pereira, Margarida, and João A. Santos. 2020. "Air-Traffic Restrictions at the Madeira International Airport Due to Adverse Winds: Links to Synoptic-Scale Patterns and Orographic Effects" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111257