Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Atmospheres in Central China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Source Implications, and Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Field Sampling
2.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Statistical Methods
2.3.2. Source Identification
2.3.3. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Seasonal Variations
3.3. Source Implication
3.3.1. Source Profiles of Ambient AHs
3.3.2. Source Contributions
3.4. Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
CA * | Concentration in air | μg m−3 | |
EF * | Exposure frequency | days year−1 | 365 |
ED * | Exposure duration | years | 74.8 |
ET * | Explosion time | hours day−1 | 3.7 |
AT * | Average time | hours | 74.8 × 365 × 24 |
RfC ** | Reference Concentration for Inhalation Exposure | mg m−3 | 3 × 10−2 for benzene 5 for toluene 1 for ethylbenzene 1 × 10−1 for xylenes 1 for styrene 6 × 10−2 for 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 6 × 10−2 for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 1 × 10−2 for 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene |
IUR ** | Inhalation Unit Risk | (μg m−3)−1 | 7.8 × 10−6 for benzene |
Species | MDL | ZY (N = 66) * | JX (N = 67) * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | ||
Benzene | 14 | 115–2207 | 450 ± 485 | 109–1678 | 515 ± 385 |
Toluene | 9 | 127–2880 | 738 ± 508 | 133–1712 | 674 ± 380 |
Ethylbenzene | 6 | 47–777 | 262 ± 260 | 48–1390 | 276 ± 260 |
m/p-Xylene | 9 | 109–1688 | 255 ± 202 | 71–514 | 215 ± 102 |
o-Xylene | 4 | 29–380 | 96 ± 72 | 19–289 | 110 ± 66 |
Styrene | 30 | 38–252 | 80 ± 60 | 32–251 | 78 ± 50 |
i-Propylbenzene | 4 | 7–38 | 15 ± 8 | 6–30 | 14 ± 8 |
n-Propylbenzene | 4 | 16–47 | 24 ± 9 | 16–39 | 25 ± 8 |
m-Ethyltoluene | 3 | 21–137 | 37 ± 20 | 22–73 | 36 ± 13 |
p-Ethyltoluene | 3 | 15–47 | 24 ± 8 | 17–41 | 25 ± 14 |
o-Ethyltoluene | 3 | 10–57 | 22 ± 8 | 12–46 | 24 ± 8 |
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 5 | 14–56 | 25 ± 9 | 16–57 | 27 ± 9 |
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 6 | 7–207 | 44 ± 36 | 6–126 | 49 ± 30 |
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 3 | 10–63 | 20 ± 12 | 11–42 | 20 ± 8 |
Σ AHs | 728–6336 | 2048 ± 1364 | 522–4112 | 2023 ± 1015 |
Site | Sampling Period | Benzene | Toluene | Ethylbenzene | M/P-Xylene | O-Xylene | BTEX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Sites | |||||||
Ziyang * | Feb.–Nov. 2017 | 450 ± 485 | 738 ± 508 | 262 ± 260 | 255 ± 202 | 96 ± 72 | 1801 ± 1373 |
Guangzhou, China [35] | Nov.–Dec. 2009 | 2642 | 4644 | 786 | 518 | 226 | 8816 |
Beijing, China [16] | Nov. 2014 | 1623 | 2416 | 787 | 733 | 507 | 6066 |
Hong Kong [64] | Sept.–Nov. 2010 | 739 | 2187 | 585 | 595 | 204 | 4310 |
Paris, France [65] | Jan.–Nov. 2010 | 301 | 800 | 582 ** | − | − | 1683 |
Ottawa, Canada [66] | Oct. 2008 | 407 | 1758 | 2124 ** | − | − | 8576 |
Suburban Sites | |||||||
Jiangxia * | Feb.– Nov. 2017 | 515 ± 385 | 674 ± 380 | 276 ± 260 | 215 ± 102 | 110 ± 67 | 1790 ± 1210 |
Guangzhou, China [35] | Nov.–Dec. 2009 | 1919 | 2965 | 572 | 402 | 173 | 6031 |
Beijing, China [67] | Sept. 2014 | 860 | 923 | 366 | 274 | 190 | 2649 |
Nanjing, China [68] | Sep. 2011–Feb. 2012 | 2680 | 1670 | 1010 | 800 | 250 | 6410 |
Orleans, France [69] | Oct. 2010–Jul. 2011 | 256 | 263 | 31 | 69 | 23 | 642 |
Colorado, U.S. [30] | Mar. 2015 | 200 | 300 | 30 | − | 30 | 560 |
Source | AHs (%) | Benzene (%) | Toluene (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZY | JX | ZY | JX | ZY | JX | |
Gasoline exhaust | 35.4 ± 12.5 | 31.0 ± 12.5 | 18.5 ± 11.2 | 15.1 ± 1.5 | 33.6 ± 7.1 | 28.9 ± 8.0 |
Diesel & CNG exhaust | 16.5 ± 11.1 | 13.7 ± 6.3 | 31.7 ± 11.3 | 25.0 ± 1.8 | 15.7 ± 8.9 | 14.4 ± 8.3 |
(Vehicle exhaust) | 51.9 ± 13.1 | 44.7 ± 12.6 | 50.2 ± 15.5 | 40.1 ± 12.9 | 49.3 ± 8.9 | 43.2 ± 10.2 |
Industry & Solvent usage | 32.0 ± 8.7 | 26.5 ± 8.5 | 12.4 ± 6.5 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | 39.1 ± 11.0 | 34.5 ± 8.2 |
Biomass & Coal burning | 16.1 ± 13.2 | 28.9 ± 12.9 | 37.4 ± 16.3 | 50.6 ± 16.7 | 11.6 ± 8.2 | 22.3 ± 10.4 |
Site | Species | RfC (mg m−3) | Exposure Concentration (μg m−3) | Hazard Quotient (HQ) (×10−3) | Cancer Risk (RISK) (×10−6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
ZY | Benzene | 3 × 10−2 | 0.24 ± 0.20 | 8.06 ± 7.78 | 1.89 ± 1.41 |
Toluene | 5 | 0.47 ± 0.32 | 0.09 ± 0.06 | ||
Ethylbenzene | 1 | 0.19 ± 0.14 | 0.19 ± 0.15 | ||
m/p-Xylene | 1 × 10−1 | 0.19 ± 0.16 | 1.87 ± 1.29 | ||
o-Xylene | 1 × 10−1 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.71 ± 0.49 | ||
Styrene | 1 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | ||
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 6 × 10−2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.12 | ||
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 6 × 10−2 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.50 | ||
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 1 × 10−2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.61 ± 0.23 | ||
Hazard index (HI) (for Nervous) | 5.20 ± 3.43 | ||||
JX | Benzene | 3 × 10−2 | 0.25 ± 0.21 | 8.42 ± 7.01 | 1.97 ± 1.24 |
Toluene | 5 | 0.40 ± 0.24 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | ||
Ethylbenzene | 1 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 0.18 ± 0.16 | ||
m/p-Xylene | 1 × 10−1 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 1.46 ± 0.75 | ||
o-Xylene | 1 × 10−1 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.71 ± 0.48 | ||
Styrene | 1 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | ||
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 6 × 10−2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.11 | ||
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 6 × 10−2 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.44 | ||
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 1 × 10−2 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.55 ± 0.80 | ||
Hazard index (HI) (for Nervous) | 4.68 ± 2.38 |
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Zeng, P.; Guo, H.; Cheng, H.; Wang, Z.; Zeng, L.; Lyu, X.; Zhan, L.; Yang, Z. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Atmospheres in Central China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Source Implications, and Health Risk Assessment. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100565
Zeng P, Guo H, Cheng H, Wang Z, Zeng L, Lyu X, Zhan L, Yang Z. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Atmospheres in Central China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Source Implications, and Health Risk Assessment. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(10):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100565
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Pei, Hai Guo, Hairong Cheng, Zuwu Wang, Lewei Zeng, Xiaopu Lyu, Lingxi Zhan, and Zhen Yang. 2019. "Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Atmospheres in Central China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Source Implications, and Health Risk Assessment" Atmosphere 10, no. 10: 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100565