Assessment of Maximum Possible Urbanization Influences on Land Temperature Data by Comparison of Land and Marine Data around Coasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
Region | 1951–2009 | 1951–1979 | 1979–2009 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANN | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | ANN | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | ANN | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | |||
Northern Extratropics | |||||||||||||||||
West Mediterranean (7) | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.14 | −0.10 | −0.24 | −0.21 | −0.24 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ||
0.10 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.18 | |||
0.12 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.16 | −0.06 | −0.15 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||
East Mediterranean (4) | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.01 | −0.12 | 0.11 | −0.27 | −0.25 | −0.12 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.43 | ||
0.07 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.06 | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.22 | −0.10 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.35 | |||
0.03 | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.15 | −0.17 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.08 | |||
Britain–Ireland (4) | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.18 | −0.03 | −0.21 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.32 | ||
0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.10 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.34 | |||
0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.09 | −0.01 | −0.16 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.03 | −0.02 | |||
South Scandinavia (6) | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.42 | 0.61 | ||
0.24 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.10 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.54 | |||
0.01 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.01 | 0.18 | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.11 | −0.09 | −0.21 | −0.19 | −0.19 | 0.06 | |||
Northeast Norway (4) | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.37 | −0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.44 | −0.17 | 0.60 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.86 | ||
0.05 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.10 | −0.24 | −0.14 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.36 | |||
0.18 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.34 | −0.06 | 0.08 | −0.05 | −0.20 | −0.03 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.50 | |||
Korea–Japan (6) | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.51 | ||
0.10 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.13 | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.37 | |||
0.07 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.14 | |||
West USA–Canada (7) | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 0.01 | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.02 | −0.13 | ||
0.05 | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.12 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.16 | −0.19 | −0.08 | −0.09 | 0.01 | −0.17 | −0.12 | |||
0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.15 | −0.01 | |||
East USA–Canada (6) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.24 | −0.14 | 0.16 | −0.24 | −0.58 | 0.16 | −0.12 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.24 | ||
0.12 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.08 | −0.22 | −0.26 | −0.07 | −0.14 | −0.23 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||
−0.07 | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.22 | −0.10 | −0.35 | −0.09 | −0.22 | −0.14 | 0.05 | −0.02 | |||
AVERAGE | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.13 | −0.07 | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.14 | −0.12 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.30 | ||
0.10 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.08 | −0.10 | −0.09 | −0.04 | −0.11 | −0.12 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.24 | |||
0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |||
Tropics/Subtropics | |||||||||||||||||
Northwest Africa (5) | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.21 | −0.04 | −0.20 | −0.14 | −0.02 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.25 | ||
0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.15 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.09 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.24 | |||
0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.11 | −0.05 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.01 | |||
South India (4) | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.20 | ||
0.12 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.05 | |||
0.04 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.13 | −0.01 | −0.15 | −0.18 | −0.13 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.15 | |||
Thailand (3) | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.31 | ||
0.12 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.16 | |||
0.05 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.13 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | |||
Hawaii (2) | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.05 | ||
0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.08 | |||
0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |||
Caribbean (6) | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.12 | −0.08 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.12 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.23 | ||
0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.04 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.16 | |||
0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.07 | |||
AVERAGE | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.19 | ||
0.10 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.11 | |||
0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |||
Southern Extratropics | |||||||||||||||||
South Africa (4) | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.14 | ||
0.15 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.03 | |||
0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.11 | |||
West Australia (3) | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.36 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.16 | −0.18 | ||
0.16 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |||
−0.11 | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.07 | −0.13 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.14 | −0.21 | −0.22 | −0.12 | −0.20 | −0.27 | |||
East Australia (5) | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.09 | ||
0.18 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.24 | |||
−0.05 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.16 | −0.24 | −0.21 | −0.14 | −0.03 | −0.12 | −0.16 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.15 | |||
North Chile (4) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.23 | −0.24 | −0.05 | −0.24 | −0.33 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.01 | −0.08 | ||
0.16 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.08 | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.21 | −0.12 | −0.08 | |||
−0.16 | −0.19 | −0.07 | −0.13 | −0.19 | −0.30 | −0.24 | −0.05 | −0.33 | −0.41 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.00 | |||
Argentina–Brazil (4) | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.09 | ||
0.12 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.30 | |||
0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.22 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | −0.21 | |||
AVERAGE | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.01 | ||
0.15 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | |||
−0.04 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.14 | −0.06 | −0.16 | −0.08 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.10 | |||
GLOBAL AVERAGE (Coastal) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.17 | ||
0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.15 | |||
0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
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Efthymiadis, D.A.; Jones, P.D. Assessment of Maximum Possible Urbanization Influences on Land Temperature Data by Comparison of Land and Marine Data around Coasts. Atmosphere 2010, 1, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1010051
Efthymiadis DA, Jones PD. Assessment of Maximum Possible Urbanization Influences on Land Temperature Data by Comparison of Land and Marine Data around Coasts. Atmosphere. 2010; 1(1):51-61. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1010051
Chicago/Turabian StyleEfthymiadis, Dimitrios A., and Philip D. Jones. 2010. "Assessment of Maximum Possible Urbanization Influences on Land Temperature Data by Comparison of Land and Marine Data around Coasts" Atmosphere 1, no. 1: 51-61. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1010051
APA StyleEfthymiadis, D. A., & Jones, P. D. (2010). Assessment of Maximum Possible Urbanization Influences on Land Temperature Data by Comparison of Land and Marine Data around Coasts. Atmosphere, 1(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1010051