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Volume 9
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10.3390/genes9050230
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Review

The Methylome of Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes

by
Shafagh A. Waters
1,2,
Alexander Capraro
1,
Kim L. McIntyre
1,
Jennifer A. Marshall Graves
3 and
Paul D. Waters
1,*
1
School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
2
School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
3
School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2018, 9(5), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050230
Submission received: 31 March 2018 / Revised: 17 April 2018 / Accepted: 26 April 2018 / Published: 1 May 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolutionary Life Cycle of Sex Chromosomes)
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Abstract

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification in vertebrate genomes known to be involved in the regulation of gene expression, X chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, chromatin structure, and control of transposable elements. DNA methylation is common to all eukaryote genomes, but we still lack a complete understanding of the variation in DNA methylation patterns on sex chromosomes and between the sexes in diverse species. To better understand sex chromosome DNA methylation patterns between different amniote vertebrates, we review literature that has analyzed the genome-wide distribution of DNA methylation in mammals and birds. In each system, we focus on DNA methylation patterns on the autosomes versus the sex chromosomes.
Keywords: X chromosome inactivation; dosage compensation; DNA methylation; 5mC; mammal; bird; sex chromosome X chromosome inactivation; dosage compensation; DNA methylation; 5mC; mammal; bird; sex chromosome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Waters, S.A.; Capraro, A.; McIntyre, K.L.; Marshall Graves, J.A.; Waters, P.D. The Methylome of Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes. Genes 2018, 9, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050230

AMA Style

Waters SA, Capraro A, McIntyre KL, Marshall Graves JA, Waters PD. The Methylome of Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes. Genes. 2018; 9(5):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050230

Chicago/Turabian Style

Waters, Shafagh A., Alexander Capraro, Kim L. McIntyre, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves, and Paul D. Waters. 2018. "The Methylome of Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes" Genes 9, no. 5: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050230

APA Style

Waters, S. A., Capraro, A., McIntyre, K. L., Marshall Graves, J. A., & Waters, P. D. (2018). The Methylome of Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes. Genes, 9(5), 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050230

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