Advances on Aptamers against Protozoan Parasites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Generation and Modification of DNA/RNA Aptamers
2.1. SELEX for DNA/RNA Parasite-Specific Aptamer Selection
2.2. Modifications of Parasite-Specific Aptamers to Increase their Efficacy
3. A Few Words about Peptide Aptamers
4. Development of DNA/RNA Aptamers in Parasitology
4.1. Aptamers against Trypanosoma spp.
4.2. Aptamers against Leishmania spp.
4.3. Aptamers against Plasmodium spp.
4.4. Aptamers against Cryptosporidium parvuum
4.5. Aptamers against Entamoeba histolytica
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Key Points | Aptamers | Monoclonal Antibodies |
---|---|---|
Synthesis | Production process is purely chemical | Requires an immune response in an animal model |
Target | Almost any type of molecule | Immunological molecule |
Modification | Chemical modification to improve resistance to nucleases and bioavailability | Antibodies are typically conjugated with one type of signaling or binding molecule |
Stability | Aptamers are fairly stable at ambient temperature and are easily refolded if denatured | Antibodies are susceptible to high temperatures and pH changes; denatured antibodies cannot be repaired |
Long-term availability | Once the nucleotide sequence is known, the aptamers can be produced chemically when necessary | Frozen cell stocks must be maintained for monoclonal antibody production |
Size | 12–30 kDa (~30–80 nucleotides) | ~150–170 kDa (IgG) |
Production time | ~1–3 months | ~4–6 months |
Modification | Position | Effect | Parasite/Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar modification | 2′-OH to 2′-fluorine, 2′-O-methyl | Increases half-life | T. brucei/treatment | [40,41, 42] |
Conjugation with biotin | - | Blocks activity of 3′ exonucleases | T. cruzi/diagnosis | [32,43] |
PEGylation | 5′conjugation | Increases half-life and solubility, offers protection from reticuloendothelial cells and proteolytic enzymes | T. brucei/treatment | [41,42] |
Proposed Application | Nature of Aptamer | Protozoan | Parasite Target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnosis | RNA | T. brucei | VSG proteins | [50] |
Diagnosis | RNA | T. cruzi | live parasites in blood | [34] |
Diagnosis | RNA | T. cruzi | TESA | [43] |
Diagnosis | DNA | L. infantum | KMP-11 | [37] |
Diagnosis | DNA | L. infantum | H2A | [20,51] |
Diagnosis | DNA | L. infantum | H3 | [21] |
Diagnosis | DNA | L. infantum | PABP | [22] |
Diagnosis | DNA | P. falciparum | LDH | [24,52,65] |
Diagnosis | DNA | P. vivax | LDH | [25] |
Diagnosis | DNA | P. falciparum | LDH | [66] |
Diagnosis | DNA | C. parvuum | oocyst | [35] |
New drug | RNA | T. cruzi | Receptor of host ECM molecules | [33] |
New drug | DNA | L. infantum | KMP-11 | [37] |
New drug | DNA | L. infantum | PABP | [22] |
New drug | RNA | P. falciparum | EMP1 | [23] |
New drug | DNA | P. falciparum | hemozoin | [67] |
New drug | DNA | P. falciparum | var2CSA | [38] |
New drug | RNA | E. histolytica | CFIm25 | [27] |
Drug delivery | RNA | T. brucei | 42 kDa protein | [49] |
Drug delivery | RNA | T. brucei | VSG proteins | [32] |
Molecular mechanisms | RNA | L. tropica | mitochondria | [19] |
Molecular mechanisms | RNA | L. tarentolae | mitochondrial extracts | [34] |
Protein purification | DNA | L. infantum | LiH2A | [20,51] |
Protein purification | DNA | L. infantum | PABP | [22] |
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Ospina-Villa, J.D.; López-Camarillo, C.; Castañón-Sánchez, C.A.; Soto-Sánchez, J.; Ramírez-Moreno, E.; Marchat, L.A. Advances on Aptamers against Protozoan Parasites. Genes 2018, 9, 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120584
Ospina-Villa JD, López-Camarillo C, Castañón-Sánchez CA, Soto-Sánchez J, Ramírez-Moreno E, Marchat LA. Advances on Aptamers against Protozoan Parasites. Genes. 2018; 9(12):584. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120584
Chicago/Turabian StyleOspina-Villa, Juan David, César López-Camarillo, Carlos A. Castañón-Sánchez, Jacqueline Soto-Sánchez, Esther Ramírez-Moreno, and Laurence A. Marchat. 2018. "Advances on Aptamers against Protozoan Parasites" Genes 9, no. 12: 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120584