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Volume 16
Issue 6
10.3390/genes16060633
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Satellite DNA Mapping in Suliformes (Aves): Insights into the Evolution of the Multiple Sex Chromosome System in Sula spp

by
Luciano Cesar Pozzobon
1,
Natália dos Santos
2,
Ricardo Utsunomia
2,
Fábio Porto-Foresti
2,
Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
3,
Rafael Kretschmer
1,* and
Thales Renato Ochotorena de Freitas
1
1
Laboratório de Citogenética e Evolução, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, RS, Brazil
2
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
3
Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2025, 16(6), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060633 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 May 2025 / Revised: 23 May 2025 / Accepted: 23 May 2025 / Published: 24 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Cytogenomics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: The order Suliformes exhibits significant karyotype diversity, with Sula species showing a Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W multiple-sex chromosome system, an uncommon occurrence in avians. Satellite DNAs (satDNAs), which consist of tandemly repeated sequences, often vary considerably even among closely related species, making them valuable markers for studying karyotypic evolution, particularly that of sex chromosome evolution. This study aims to characterize and investigate the potential role of these sequences in the karyotypic evolution of the group, with special attention to the sex chromosomes. Methods: Through characterizing satDNAs in two Suliformes species (Sula leucogaster and Nannopterum brasilianum) using BGISEQ-500 platform and bioinformatics analysis. Their chromosomal distribution was mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) within their own karyotypes and in three additional Suliformes species (S. sula, S. dactylatra, and Fregata magnificens). Results: Five satDNAs were identified in S. leucogaster and eight in N. brasilianum. Within the genus Sula, three species shared specific satDNA sequences, although with different hybridization patterns. In contrast, the satDNAs of N. brasilianum were species-specific. Additionally, the Z chromosome, including Z2 in Sula species, showed reduced accumulation of repetitive DNAs. Conclusions: These results suggest that differential accumulation of repetitive sequences may have contributed to the diversification of karyotypes in this group, particularly influencing the structure and differentiation of sex chromosomes.
Keywords: suliformes; satellite DNA; karyotypic evolution; multiple sex chromosomes; chromosomal mapping suliformes; satellite DNA; karyotypic evolution; multiple sex chromosomes; chromosomal mapping

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pozzobon, L.C.; dos Santos, N.; Utsunomia, R.; Porto-Foresti, F.; Cioffi, M.d.B.; Kretschmer, R.; Freitas, T.R.O.d. Satellite DNA Mapping in Suliformes (Aves): Insights into the Evolution of the Multiple Sex Chromosome System in Sula spp. Genes 2025, 16, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060633

AMA Style

Pozzobon LC, dos Santos N, Utsunomia R, Porto-Foresti F, Cioffi MdB, Kretschmer R, Freitas TROd. Satellite DNA Mapping in Suliformes (Aves): Insights into the Evolution of the Multiple Sex Chromosome System in Sula spp. Genes. 2025; 16(6):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060633

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pozzobon, Luciano Cesar, Natália dos Santos, Ricardo Utsunomia, Fábio Porto-Foresti, Marcelo de Bello Cioffi, Rafael Kretschmer, and Thales Renato Ochotorena de Freitas. 2025. "Satellite DNA Mapping in Suliformes (Aves): Insights into the Evolution of the Multiple Sex Chromosome System in Sula spp" Genes 16, no. 6: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060633

APA Style

Pozzobon, L. C., dos Santos, N., Utsunomia, R., Porto-Foresti, F., Cioffi, M. d. B., Kretschmer, R., & Freitas, T. R. O. d. (2025). Satellite DNA Mapping in Suliformes (Aves): Insights into the Evolution of the Multiple Sex Chromosome System in Sula spp. Genes, 16(6), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060633

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