Female Pattern Hair Loss: An Overview with Focus on the Genetics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Etiology and Pathogenesis
4. Genetics of FPHL
4.1. Mode of Inheritance and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
4.2. Correlation between Nutrition and FPHL
4.3. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) with FPHL
4.4. Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1
4.5. Prediction of Dermal Sheath Cup Cell Therapy
4.6. Sex Steroid Hormones Gene Polymorphism
4.7. Inconsistency of Association with M-AGA Genetics
5. Therapies of FPHL
5.1. Standard Management
5.2. Miscellaneous
6. Summary of Genetic Data on FPHL, M-AGA, and Other Non-Scarring Alopecia
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Highly Admixed Population | |||||||
Study | Region | Age Groups | |||||
20–29 * | 30–39 * | 40–49 * | 50–59 * | 60–69 * | >70 * | ||
2022, Tsutsui | Brazil | 9 | 22 | 50 | 69 | - | - |
Caucasian | |||||||
Study | Region | Age groups | |||||
20–29 * | 30–39 * | 40–49 * | 50–59 * | 60–69 * | >70 * | ||
2005, Gan | Australia | 12 | 17 | 25 | 28 | 41 | 54 |
2001, Norwood | USA | 3 | 17 | 16 | 23 | 25 | 29 |
2001, Birch | England | 3 | 10 | 5 | 14 | 33 | 38 |
Asian | |||||||
Study | Region | Age groups | |||||
20–29 * | 30–39 * | 40–49 * | 50–59 * | 60–69 * | >70 * | ||
2012, Su | Taiwan | - | 6 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 15 |
2010, Wang | China | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 12 |
2008, Xu | China (Shanghai) | - | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
2001, Paik | South Korea | - | 2 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 35 |
Han Chinese * | ||
---|---|---|
Locus | SNP | Association with FPHL |
1p36.22 | rs12565727 | No significant association |
2q35 | rs10193725 | No significant association |
rs7349332 | ||
2q37.3 | rs9752491 | No significant association |
rs9711321 | ||
rs12613833 | ||
3q25.1 | rs4679955 | No significant association |
5q33.3 | rs929626 | No significant association |
rs1081073 | ||
7p21.1 | rs2249817 | No significant association |
rs12056282 | ||
rs756853 | ||
rs13230142 | ||
rs17350355 | ||
12p12.1 | rs7975017 | No significant association |
rs9668810 | ||
18q12.3 | rs10502861 | No significant association |
20p11 | rs6137444 | No significant association |
rs2180439 | ||
rs1998076 | ||
rs6113491 | ||
rs201571 | ||
UK/Germany # | ||
AR/EDA2R | rs4827379 | Significant association in a subgroup with an early age of onset |
rs1397631 | ||
rs2497938 | ||
rs962458 | ||
rs6152 | ||
rs7885198 | ||
rs5918801 | ||
1p36.22 | rs2003046 | No significant association |
rs12565727 | ||
rs11576658 | ||
2q35 | rs10193725 | No significant association |
rs7349332 | ||
2q37.3 | rs9711321 | No significant association |
rs11683401 | ||
rs9287638 | ||
3q25.1 | rs7648585 | No significant association |
rs4679955 | ||
5q33.3 | rs929626 | No significant association |
rs1081073 | ||
7p21.1 | rs957958 | No significant association |
rs2073963 | ||
rs2073964 | ||
7q11.22 | rs6947344 | No significant association |
rs6945541 | ||
rs4718865 | ||
12p12.1 | rs9668810 | No significant association |
rs7975017 | ||
17q21.31 | rs12373124 | No significant association |
rs17769552 | ||
rs17650991 | ||
18q21.1 | rs8083006 | No significant association |
rs10502861 | ||
rs12959797 | ||
20p11 | rs6137444 | No significant association |
rs2180439 | ||
rs1998076 | ||
rs201571 | ||
rs6113491 | ||
CYP19A1 | rs16964189 | No significant association |
rs4646 | ||
rs28757184 | ||
rs2470158 | ||
ESR1 | [44] | No significant association |
PGR | ||
SRD5A1 | ||
SRD5A2 | ||
ESR2 | rs10137185 | Significant association in the overall German sample |
MC4R | [47] | No significant association |
Australia $ | ||
CYP19A1 | rs4646 | CC genotype is significantly more frequent in some cases |
ESR2 | rs10137185 | Nominal significance |
rs17101774 | ||
rs2022748 |
Clinical Presentation | Histopathological Findings | Related Genes | |
---|---|---|---|
FPHL |
|
| CYP19A1 ESR2 |
M-AGA |
| AR MC4R EDA2R SRD5A1 SRD5A2 [2,47] | |
Alopecia areata |
|
| NOTCH4 C6orf10 BTNL2 HLA-DRA HLA-A IL-2 IL2RA STX17 TNXB [71,72] |
Chronic Telogen effluvium |
|
| Cdx1 VDR Taq1 VDR [73] |
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Share and Cite
Ho, C.-Y.; Chen, J.Y.-F.; Hsu, W.-L.; Yu, S.; Chen, W.-C.; Chiu, S.-H.; Yang, H.-R.; Lin, S.-Y.; Wu, C.-Y. Female Pattern Hair Loss: An Overview with Focus on the Genetics. Genes 2023, 14, 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071326
Ho C-Y, Chen JY-F, Hsu W-L, Yu S, Chen W-C, Chiu S-H, Yang H-R, Lin S-Y, Wu C-Y. Female Pattern Hair Loss: An Overview with Focus on the Genetics. Genes. 2023; 14(7):1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071326
Chicago/Turabian StyleHo, Chih-Yi, Jeff Yi-Fu Chen, Wen-Li Hsu, Sebastian Yu, Wei-Chiao Chen, Szu-Hao Chiu, Hui-Ru Yang, Sheng-Yao Lin, and Ching-Ying Wu. 2023. "Female Pattern Hair Loss: An Overview with Focus on the Genetics" Genes 14, no. 7: 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071326
APA StyleHo, C. -Y., Chen, J. Y. -F., Hsu, W. -L., Yu, S., Chen, W. -C., Chiu, S. -H., Yang, H. -R., Lin, S. -Y., & Wu, C. -Y. (2023). Female Pattern Hair Loss: An Overview with Focus on the Genetics. Genes, 14(7), 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071326