Genotype–Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site Information
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.3. Method of Stem Analysis
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Horizontal Wood Variation within and between Sites
3.2. The Vertical Wood Variation within and between Sites
3.3. Relationship between Tree Growth Traits (DBH, DGH, and H) and Wood Attributes
3.4. Variation between Growth Traits and Clones
4. Discussion
4.1. Horizontal Variation between Clone × Site Interaction
4.2. Vertical Variation between Clone × Site Interaction
4.3. Correlation and Genetic Gains between Sites and Clones
4.4. Heritability and Repeatability of Clones
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Parameters | SF1 | SR3 | SR14 | SR17 | SR20 | SR25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HY 1 | Latitude; Longitude | 23°40′ N; 15°19′ W | |||||
Altitude (m) | 313–325 | 310–340 | 330–336 | 325–339 | 347–349 | 330–347 | |
Vegetation Situation | Rhaphiolepis indica, Pyracantha fortuneana, Carex spp., Smilax corbularia, Dicranopteris dichotoma, Dianella ensifolia, Phyllostachys glauca, Ardisia japonica, Spatholobus suberectus, Embelia laeta, Melastoma candidum, Rourea microphylla, Arthraxon hispidus, Schima superba. | ||||||
BS 2 | Latitude; Longitude | 24°39′ N;105°46′ W | |||||
Altitude (m) | 531–538 | 528–539 | 522–526 | 522–534 | 520–522 | 516–518 | |
Vegetation Situation | Maesa japonica, Thysanolaena maxima, Dicranopteris dichotoma, Callicarpa bodinieri, Helicteres angustifolia, Lygodium japonicum, Callicarpa macrophylla, Millettia pulchra, Cipadessa baccifera, Glochidion puberum, Ohwia caudata, Oplismenus compositus, Eupatorium odoratum, Tetracera asiatica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata. |
Sites | Parameters | SF1 | SR3 | SR14 | SR17 | SR20 | SR25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BS | HR 2 (cm) | 4.42 (0.25) c 1 | 5.05 (0.21) b | 6.43 (0.1) a | 6.09 (0.59) ab | 5.9 (0.11) ab | 6.53 (0.41) a |
SW 3 (cm) | 1.64 (0.15) c | 2.58 (0.25) b | 2.14 (0.3) b | 2.14 (0.39) b | 2.40 (0.11) b | 3.78 (0.86) a | |
BT 4 (mm) | 2.78 (0.56) c | 2.62 (0.25) c | 3.10 (0.38) b | 3.17 (0.53) b | 3.47 (0.52) ab | 3.75 (0.20) a | |
HA 5 (cm2) | 99.1 (22.83) c | 111.90 (9.31) c | 183.29 (19.39) a | 182.16 (34.63) a | 170.8 (21.49) a | 174.97 (1.38) a | |
SA 6 (cm2) | 91.91 (15.63) c | 151.26 (24.45) b | 150.47 (23.38) b | 156.97 (35.93) b | 149.14 (36.31) b | 224.01 (9.05) a | |
HV 7 (m3) | 0.06 (0.01) c | 0.07 (0.01) c | 0.13 (0.02) a | 0.10 (0.02) b | 0.12 (0.03) a | 0.10 (0.00) b | |
HRP 8 | 0.73 (0.02) ab | 0.66 (0.02) c | 0.75 (0.03) ab | 0.74 (0.02) ab | 0.71 (0.05) b | 0.64 (0.07) c | |
HAP 9 | 0.52 (0.03) ab | 0.43 (0.02) b | 0.55 (0.04) a | 0.54 (0.01) ab | 0.54 (0.03) ab | 0.44 (0.01) c | |
HVP 10 | 0.52 (0.04) b | 0.42 (0.01) c | 0.56 (0.04) a | 0.52 (0.02) b | 0.54 (0.00) b | 0.42 (0.00) c | |
HY | HR (cm) | 4.36 (0.47) c | 4.5 (0.54) c | 7.51 (0.74) a | 7.48 (0.07) a | 6.71 (0.2) a | 5.66 (0.28) a |
SW (cm) | 1.78 (0.2) c | 2.2 (0.87) b | 1.77 (0.31) c | 2.37 (0.06) b | 28.36 (4.62) a | 1.88 (0.3) c | |
BT (mm) | 2.64 (0.53) c | 3.28 (0.46) b | 3.83 (1.01) a | 4.36 (0.36) a | 2.71 (0.4) c | 3.38 (0.54) b | |
HA (cm2) | 97.02 (12.21) c | 112.57 (25.4) bc | 243.75 (21.67) a | 212.55 (1.55) a | 194.93 (31.18) a | 154.03 (19.72) b | |
SA (cm2) | 97.84 (9.4) c | 125.52 (20.6) b | 147.03 (35.41) b | 167.35 (20.94) b | 209.35 (52.2) a | 207.02 a | |
HV (m3) | 0.07 (0.01) c | 0.07 (0.01) c | 0.18 (0.02) a | 0.12 (0.03) a | 0.13 (0.02) a | 0.11 (0.02) ab | |
HRP | 0.71 (0.02) b | 0.68 (0.10) c | 0.81 (0.01) a | 0.76 (0.01) a | 0.70 (0.04) b | 0.75 (0.02) ab | |
HAP | 0.50 (0.02) ab | 0.47 (0.06) c | 0.63 (0.04) a | 0.55 (0.02) a | 0.49 (0.02) c | 0.49 (0.02) c | |
HVP | 0.50 (0.01) b | 0.47 (0.01) c | 0.66 (0.03) a | 0.55 (0.07) ab | 0.51 (0.03) b | 0.56 (0.04) a |
Sites | Traits | HR | SW | BT | HA | SA | HV | HRP | HAP | HVP | DBH | DGH | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HY | HR | 1 | 0.65 | −0.29 | 0.99 ** 1 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.80 | 0.80 | −0.10 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.93 ** |
SW | 0.53 | 1 | −0.09 | 0.63 | 0.84 ** | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.51 | −0.42 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.44 | |
BT | 0.91 * 2 | 0.32 | 1 | −0.36 | 0.23 | 0.55 | −0.72 | −0.73 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.58 | −0.19 | |
HA | −0.91 * | −0.91 * | −0.26 | 1 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.84 * | 0.85 * | −0.06 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.89 * | |
SA | 0.79 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 1 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.88 * | 0.84 * | 0.37 | |
HV | 0.65 | −0.12 | 0.44 | 0.84 * | 0.51 | 1 | −0.24 | −0.19 | 0.89 * | 0.86 * | 0.90 * | 0.11 | |
HRP | −0.38 | 0.26 | −0.78 | −0.45 | −0.03 | −0.43 | 1 | 0.99 * | −0.44 | −0.11 | −0.16 | 0.68 | |
HAP | −0.03 | 0.54 | −0.65 | −0.12 | 0.33 | −0.21 | 0.23 | 1 | 0.38 | −0.09 | −0.13 | 0.67 | |
HVP | 0.15 | −0.15 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.78 | −0.24 | −0.24 | 1 | 0.54 | 0.61 | −0.08 | |
DBH | 0.73 | −0.09 | 0.49 | 0.86 * | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.84 * | 1 | 0.99 ** | 0.22 | |
DGH | 0.73 | −0.09 | 0.49 | 0.86 * | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.84 * | 0.43 | 1 | 0.19 | |
H | 0.61 | −0.21 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.90 * | 0.49 | 0.61 | 1 | |
BS | HR | 1 | −0.27 | −0.32 | 0.95 ** | −0.22 | −0.44 | 0.02 | −0.30 | 0.07 | −0.34 | −0.28 | −0.20 |
SW | −0.86 * | 1 | 0.62 | −0.39 | 0.97 ** | 0.42 | −0.80 | −0.67 | −0.72 | 0.89 * | 0.84 * | 0.50 | |
BT | −0.20 | 0.12 | 1 | −0.57 | 0.72 | 0.76 | −0.64 | −0.38 | 0.04 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.73 | |
HA | −0.55 | 0.54 | 0.84 * | 1 | −0.36 | −0.55 | 0.12 | −0.24 | 0.05 | −0.47 | −0.43 | −0.33 | |
SA | −0.85 * | 0.06 | 0.32 | −0.80 | 1 | 0.53 | −0.91 * | −0.76 | −0.59 | 0.93 ** | 0.90 * | 0.60 | |
HV | −0.15 | −0.30 | 0.44 | −0.27 | 0.15 | 1 | −0.58 | −0.40 | 0.28 | 0.88 * | 0.82 * | 0.95 * | |
HRP | −0.32 | 0.65 | 0.38 | −0.39 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.92 ** | 0.39 | −0.87 * | −0.86 * | −0.66 | |
HAP | −0.32 | 0.65 | 0.38 | −0.39 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 1 | 0.40 | −0.72 | −0.72 | −0.58 | |
HVP | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.61 | −0.09 | 0.32 | 0.85 | −0.78 | −0.65 | 1 | −0.35 | −0.26 | 0.19 | |
DBH | −0.73 | 0.03 | 0.55 | −0.80 | 0.56 | 0.56 | −0.32 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 1 | 0.99 ** | 0.83 * | |
DGH | −0.50 | −0.06 | 0.44 | −0.56 | 0.44 | 0.65 | −0.49 | −0.21 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 1 | 0.88 * | |
H | −0.44 | 0.48 | 0.84 * | −0.68 | 0.79 | 0.06 | −0.14 | 0.03 | −0.36 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 1 |
Sites | Traits | HR | SW | BT | HA | SA | HV | HRP | HAP | HVP | DBH | DGH | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HY | HR | 17.24 | 10.21 | −5.03 | 17.21 | 9.26 | 3.47 | 13.74 | 13.87 | −1.69 | 6.69 | 6.00 | 16.01 |
SW | 12.63 | 12.67 | −1.26 | 8.83 | 10.45 | 0.84 | 7.48 | 7.13 | −5.73 | 7.05 | 5.95 | 6.11 | |
BT | 7.82 | 2.52 | 14.02 | −5.06 | 2.87 | 7.71 | −10.00 | −10.23 | 7.11 | 7.90 | 8.04 | −2.64 | |
HA | −8.97 | −8.17 | −2.62 | 30.19 | 15.81 | 6.63 | 25.06 | 25.59 | −1.76 | 11.02 | 10.13 | 26.61 | |
SA | 26.51 | 17.01 | 16.81 | 20.80 | 16.27 | 10.79 | 4.71 | 4.94 | 2.50 | 15.91 | 15.19 | 6.72 | |
HV | 11.77 | −1.95 | 7.96 | 15.11 | 8.14 | 28.64 | −6.81 | −5.44 | 24.87 | 24.36 | 25.50 | 3.13 | |
HRP | −1.67 | 1.06 | −3.49 | −1.95 | −0.12 | −1.94 | 5.29 | 5.28 | −0.42 | −0.58 | −0.85 | 3.60 | |
HAP | −0.19 | 3.09 | −4.17 | −0.76 | 1.85 | −1.33 | 1.50 | 9.58 | 7.29 | −0.85 | −1.23 | 6.37 | |
HVP | 1.18 | −1.08 | 0.71 | 2.38 | 3.82 | 6.19 | −1.88 | −1.90 | 8.41 | 4.61 | 5.20 | −0.68 | |
DBH | 8.53 | −0.94 | 5.84 | 9.98 | 2.75 | 6.52 | 3.06 | 3.09 | 9.71 | 13.53 | 13.39 | 2.99 | |
DGH | 7.77 | −0.85 | 5.32 | 9.10 | 2.50 | 5.95 | 2.79 | 2.81 | 8.86 | 4.65 | 12.64 | 2.41 | |
H | 2.33 | −0.71 | 2.12 | 3.01 | 1.29 | 2.78 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 3.37 | 1.87 | 2.31 | 7.47 | |
BS | HR | 6.30 | −2.00 | −2.19 | 5.07 | −1.63 | −3.03 | 0.14 | −2.09 | 0.50 | −2.44 | −2.00 | −1.26 |
SW | −17.06 | 21.25 | 12.20 | −5.97 | 20.66 | 8.31 | −16.43 | −13.40 | −14.76 | 18.35 | 17.25 | 9.07 | |
BT | −1.62 | 1.74 | 8.80 | −3.90 | 6.86 | 6.73 | −5.88 | −3.40 | 0.37 | 7.19 | 7.44 | 5.92 | |
HA | −3.65 | 12.21 | 17.95 | 5.70 | −2.85 | −4.05 | 0.92 | −1.79 | 0.38 | −3.60 | −3.28 | −2.23 | |
SA | −20.50 | 0.89 | 4.47 | −8.54 | 29.13 | 14.34 | −25.56 | −20.79 | −16.54 | 26.22 | 25.28 | 14.88 | |
HV | −2.55 | −9.36 | 12.82 | −5.98 | 4.63 | 19.48 | −11.72 | −7.88 | 5.65 | 17.85 | 16.57 | 16.95 | |
HRP | −1.22 | 3.44 | 1.85 | −1.44 | 1.39 | 0.58 | 4.43 | 3.97 | 1.72 | −3.87 | −3.81 | −2.58 | |
HAP | −1.72 | 6.02 | 3.24 | −2.52 | 2.43 | 1.02 | 1.31 | 6.06 | 2.48 | −4.49 | −4.48 | −3.18 | |
HVP | 1.07 | 0.27 | 5.23 | −0.58 | 2.96 | 7.37 | −7.02 | −5.65 | 8.52 | −3.00 | −2.22 | 1.43 | |
DBH | −7.39 | 0.40 | 6.96 | −7.69 | 7.54 | 7.11 | −4.20 | 0.38 | 5.89 | 11.79 | 11.63 | 8.61 | |
DGH | −4.73 | −0.77 | 5.31 | −5.23 | 5.74 | 7.93 | −6.27 | −2.55 | 6.44 | 6.29 | 11.06 | 8.59 | |
H | −1.31 | 3.22 | 5.33 | −3.29 | 5.36 | 0.37 | −0.96 | 0.19 | −2.36 | 2.50 | 2.49 | 3.07 |
Paired Samples | Mean | Standard Deviation | Standard Error | t | Significance Level (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed–Predicted | 0.0054 | 0.01612 | 0.00806 | 0.670 | 0.551 |
Character | Min | Max | Range | Mean | Standard Deviation | CV | F Values | Repeatability | Broad-Sense Heritability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (cm) | 3.94 | 8.13 | 4.19 | 5.75 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 9.10 | 0.90 | 0.98 |
SW (cm) | 1.46 | 4.59 | 3.13 | 2.34 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 2.51 | 0.75 | 0.94 |
HA (cm2) | 66.30 | 286.30 | 220.00 | 155.50 | 9.32 | 0.06 | 7.49 | 0.88 | 0.98 |
HV (m3) | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 21.37 | 0.75 | 0.99 |
HRP | 0.55 | 0.82 | 0.27 | 0.71 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.82 | 0.75 | 0.95 |
HAP | 0.33 | 0.67 | 0.34 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 3.31 | 0.75 | 0.95 |
HVP | 0.41 | 0.69 | 0.28 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 7.33 | 0.90 | 0.98 |
DBH (cm) | 11.95 | 22.63 | 10.68 | 16.92 | 0.52 | 0.03 | 7.21 | 0.88 | 0.96 |
DGH (cm) | 13.3 | 24.73 | 11.43 | 18.86 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 7.04 | 0.88 | 0.96 |
H (m) | 17.30 | 25.50 | 8.20 | 16.80 | 2.12 | 0.13 | 2.12 | 0.90 | 0.98 |
Clones | Character | Range | Mean | Standard Deviation | CV | Clones | Character | Range | Mean | Standard Deviation | CV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF1 | HR (cm) | 3.98–4.88 | 4.39 | 0.34 | 0.08 | SR3 | HR (cm) | 3.94–5.28 | 4.77 | 0.47 | 0.10 |
SW (cm) | 1.53–1.94 | 1.71 | 0.17 | 0.10 | SW (cm) | 1.58–3.19 | 2.39 | 0.61 | 0.26 | ||
HA (cm2) | 76.84–122.46 | 98.06 | 16.41 | 0.17 | HA (cm2) | 66.30–122.07 | 105.57 | 26.10 | 0.25 | ||
SA (cm2) | 73.89–105.81 | 94.88 | 11.99 | 0.13 | SA (cm2) | 83.93–178.30 | 135.06 | 30.82 | 0.23 | ||
HV (m3) | 0.09–0.12 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.11 | HV (m3) | 0.08–0.14 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.18 | ||
HRP | 0.68–0.75 | 0.72 | 0.02 | 0.03 | HRP | 0.55–0.74 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.10 | ||
HAP | 0.47–0.55 | 0.51 | 0.03 | 0.05 | HAP | 0.38–0.53 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.11 | ||
HVP | 0.47–0.56 | 0.51 | 0.03 | 0.06 | HVP | 0.41–0.48 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.07 | ||
DBH (cm) | 11.95–14.30 | 12.74 | 0.92 | 0.07 | DBH (cm) | 12.80–16.46 | 14.92 | 1.26 | 0.08 | ||
DGH (cm) | 13.30–16.22 | 14.78 | 1.11 | 0.08 | DGH (cm) | 14.25–18.60 | 16.26 | 1.51 | 0.09 | ||
H (m) | 17.80–19.80 | 12.74 | 0.92 | 0.07 | H (m) | 17.30–20.30 | 14.92 | 1.26 | 0.08 | ||
SR14 | HR (cm) | 6.32–8.13 | 6.97 | 0.76 | 0.11 | SR17 | HR (cm) | 4.49–7.55 | 6.01 | 1.23 | 0.21 |
SW (cm) | 1.49–2.46 | 1.95 | 0.34 | 0.17 | SW (cm) | 2.11–2.86 | 2.49 | 0.26 | 0.10 | ||
HA (cm2) | 164.09–257.39 | 210.19 | 38.21 | 0.18 | HA (cm2) | 93.77–211.00 | 161.79 | 55.34 | 0.34 | ||
SA (cm2) | 98.28–182.86 | 146.45 | 30.94 | 0.21 | SA (cm2) | 113.65–218.35 | 160.50 | 38.88 | 0.24 | ||
HV (m3) | 0.20–0.33 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.20 | HV (m3) | 0.14–0.23 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.18 | ||
HRP | 0.72–0.82 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.05 | HRP | 0.66–0.76 | 0.70 | 0.04 | 0.05 | ||
HAP | 0.51–0.67 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.10 | HAP | 0.44–0.58 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.10 | ||
HVP | 0.53–0.65 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.10 | HVP | 0.47–0.60 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.10 | ||
DBH (cm) | 17.00–19.50 | 18.54 | 1.67 | 0.09 | DBH (cm) | 13.77–20.57 | 18.30 | 3.06 | 0.17 | ||
DGH (cm) | 19.12–23.32 | 21.01 | 1.69 | 0.08 | DGH (cm) | 15.63–24.73 | 20.13 | 3.43 | 0.17 | ||
H (m) | 19.80–25.50 | 23.12 | 1.87 | 0.08 | H (m) | 21.30–23.50 | 22.87 | 0.84 | 0.04 | ||
SR20 | HR (cm) | 4.75–7.94 | 1.78 | 2.60 | 1.46 | SR25 | HR (cm) | 5.56–6.87 | 6.07 | 0.45 | 0.07 |
SW (cm) | 2.28–3.12 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 1.05 | SW (cm) | 1.46–4.59 | 2.86 | 1.37 | 0.48 | ||
HA (cm2) | 144.55–286.30 | 43.97 | 54.89 | 1.25 | HA (cm2) | 131.39–214.35 | 167.84 | 27.49 | 0.16 | ||
SA (cm2) | 134.01–230.74 | 55.37 | 70.69 | 1.28 | SA (cm2) | 79.71–351.49 | 204.98 | 109.33 | 0.53 | ||
HV (m3) | 0.16–0.25 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.77 | HV (m3) | 0.15–0.22 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.13 | ||
HRP | 0.65–0.75 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 1.20 | HRP | 0.57–0.80 | 0.69 | 0.10 | 0.14 | ||
HAP | 0.41–0.57 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 1.05 | HAP | 0.33–0.56 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.26 | ||
HVP | 0.49–0.55 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 1.28 | HVP | 0.41–0.60 | 0.49 | 0.08 | 0.16 | ||
DBH (cm) | 15.14–22.63 | 18.47 | 2.45 | 0.13 | DBH (cm) | 14.95–122.29 | 18.57 | 3.24 | 0.17 | ||
DGH (cm) | 15.64–24.21 | 20.42 | 2.79 | 0.14 | DGH (cm) | 16.35–24.29 | 20.56 | 3.15 | 0.15 | ||
H (m) | 19.80–23.80 | 5.42 | 8.25 | 0.08 | H (m) | 19.80–24.00 | 21.70 | 1.70 | 0.08 |
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Zhang, R.; Zeng, B.; Chen, T.; Hu, B. Genotype–Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Genes 2023, 14, 1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14061299
Zhang R, Zeng B, Chen T, Hu B. Genotype–Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Genes. 2023; 14(6):1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14061299
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ruping, Bingshan Zeng, Tianxiao Chen, and Bing Hu. 2023. "Genotype–Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br" Genes 14, no. 6: 1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14061299
APA StyleZhang, R., Zeng, B., Chen, T., & Hu, B. (2023). Genotype–Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Genes, 14(6), 1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14061299