Next Article in Journal
The PI3K/AKT Pathway and PTEN Gene Are Involved in “Tree-Top Disease” of Lymantria dispar
Previous Article in Journal
Prenatal Diagnosis of Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia with 46, X, Isochromosome Xq/45, X Mosaicism
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Genes
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/genes13020246
genes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Differential Gene Expression Analysis of SoCBL Family Calcineurin B-like Proteins: Potential Involvement in Sugarcane Cold Stress

by
Bao-Qing Zhang
1,
Xiu-Peng Song
1,
Xiao-Qiu Zhang
1,
Yu-Xin Huang
1,
Yong-Jian Liang
2,
Shan Zhou
1,
Cui-Fang Yang
1,
Li-Tao Yang
2,
Xing Huang
1,* and
Yang-Rui Li
1,2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
2
College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2022, 13(2), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020246
Submission received: 3 December 2021 / Revised: 15 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 27 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Genes & Environments)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Sugarcan e is a major crop for sugar and biofuel production and is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Sugarcane growth is constrained because of winter’s low-temperature stress, and cold resistance is an important limitation in sugarcane growth enhancement. Therefore, in this study, we identified a gene involved in the low-temperature stress response of sugarcane. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) protein is a calcium signal receptor involved in the cold stress response. Five sugarcane CBL genes were cloned, sequenced, and named SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9. The protein sequences of these genes were analyzed. The calculated molecular weight of these proteins was 24.5, 25.9, 25.2, 25.6, and 26.3 kD, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9 were situated in the cytoplasm, while SoCBL5 was present in mitochondria. Secondary structure analysis showed that these five CBL proteins had similar secondary structures. Conserved domain analysis displayed that each sugarcane CBL protein contained three conserved EF domains. According to the self-expanding values of the phylogenetic tree, the CBL gene family was divided into four groups. The CBL1 and CBL9 genes were classified into one group, illustrating that these two genes might possess a similar function. The expression analysis of the SoCBL gene under low temperatures showed that SoCBL3 and SoCBL5 were affected significantly, while SoCBL1 and SoCBL9 were less affected. These results demonstrate that the CBL genes in sugarcane have similar characteristics and present differences in genetic diversity and gene expression response to low temperatures. Therefore, these genes might be novel candidates for fighting cold stress in sugarcane.

1. Introduction

Plants are constantly confronted with various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperatures, and salinity, during their growth. In order to adapt to environmental changes and self-protection, a complex signal transmission network system has been formed in the process of evolution to perceive and respond to environmental stress. Many stress-responsive genes receive these stress signals and notice their expression at specific times, prompting tissues to undergo physiological changes to adapt to the environment [1]. Among these changes, calcium signal transduction in plants is an essential signaling pathway for stress transmission by enhancing the calcium concentration in vivo in plants [2,3]. Thus far, three calcium signal sensors, including calmodulin (CaM), calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), and calcineurin B-like protein (CBL), have been found in plant cells [4,5,6,7]. Signal transduction occurs between calcium signals and their interacting proteins to regulate the expression of downstream response genes, indicating that calcium signaling is a key regulatory pathway in the plant response to stress.
Calcineurin B-like (CBL) protein is a type of calcium signal receptor specific to plants. The core region of the plant CBL protein is relatively conserved, including four EF-hand motifs with the characteristic Ca2+ affinity and Ca2+ binding [8], but variations of EF-hand domain sequences occur in different CBLs [9]. Each CBL protein interacts with a downstream kinase harboring 26 serine/threonine, forming a CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPKs) [10]. Subsequently, the activated CIPKs rapidly phosphorylate the downstream signaling molecules to build an entire signaling network to transmit calcium signals [11]. CBL1 plays an essential role in various abiotic stress pathways, while CBL4/SOS3 is involved in mediating ion tolerance [11,12].
At present, several studies have confirmed that CBL is involved in the external environment’s effect on plants. Indeed, in Arabidopsis, AtCBL1 is an upstream regulator of stress response genes [13]. AtCBL9 overexpression produced enhanced tolerance to drought [14]. AtCBL9 mutant plants became hypersensitive to ABA at the early developmental stages, whereas it attenuated the response to drought and salinity. On the contrary, AtCBL9 overexpression increased stress tolerance, indicating that CBL is involved in the plant response and the regulation of stress signals [15]. Rice OsCBL1 and OsCBL3 respond to ABA, NaCl, and low-temperature stress [16]. The pea PsCBL gene was involved in responsiveness to salt/alkali, drought, and low-temperature stress [17]. The expression of SiCBL1, SiCBL3, and SiCBL5 in millet was increased under drought and salt stress [18]. To date, there have been few reports on CBL genes in sugarcane [19,20,21,22]. Farani et al. [19] characterized the protein–protein interactions of ScCIPK8 with six CBL proteins (ScCBL1, ScCBL2, ScCBL3, ScCBL6, ScCBL9, and ScCBL10). Ling et al. [20] found that SsCBL1 and SsCBL6 play important regulatory roles in response to a variety of stresses (low potassium, drought, and salt). According to datasets of the transcription sequencing of sugarcane genes under abiotic stress, Ling et al. [21] cloned a calcineurin B-like gene named SsCBL4 (GenBank No. KY674 987.1) from sugarcane root. Su et al. [22] obtained three CBL genes (GenBank accession nos. KX013374, KX013375, and KX013376) from sugarcane variety ROC22. These ScCBL genes were constitutively expressed in the sugarcane bud, stem pith, leaf, meristem, and stem skin, and they showed different expression patterns in response to stimulation with phytohormones and various abiotic stresses.
In order to understand the relationship between CBL genes and low-temperature stress in sugarcane, the mRNAs of five sugarcane CBL genes were cloned and sequenced. Bioinformatics and genetic diversity analyses of the translated protein sequences were performed. Real-time PCR was used to study the expression pattern of these genes in response to low temperatures. A low temperature has a profound effect on increasing the expression of CBL genes. The results might provide an insight into the roles of CBL genes in low-temperature resistance in sugarcane.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions

The cold-resistant sugarcane cultivar GT28 and the cold-susceptible cultivar YL6 used in this experiment were supplied by the Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi University.
In a greenhouse, the single-bud seedcane sets were planted on a mixed substrate of soil and sand. When the plants reached three leaves, those with consistent growth were selected and transplanted for soil culture in pots in a randomized design. The pots were 300 mm in diameter and 350 mm in height and filled with 17.5 kg culture medium (soil–organic fertilizer–sand = 70–20–10 in weight). Each pot had 2–3 plants. In order to enhance permeability, holes were punched in the bottom of the pots. The plants were managed routinely. After 10 months of normal growth, when the plants were at the sugar-accumulating stage, low-temperature treatment was applied. For treatment, the plants were divided into two groups. The first group was grown normally, as the control, with a temperature of 25 °C, a light intensity of 250–300 µmol/m2·s, a 12 h photoperiod, and relative humidity of 60–70%. The second group was treated with a low-temperature set at 0–4 °C, light intensity at 250–300 µmol/m2·s, 12 h photoperiod, and relative humidity at 60–70%. After 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of low-temperature stress, the leaf and stem tip samples were collected at 8:00 am, quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C.

2.2. cDNA First-Strand Synthesis

The shoots were frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground into powder. Total RNA was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) as described by the manufacturer. RNA concentration and integrity were determined using NanoDrop (Thermo Fisher, Saint Luis, MO, USA) and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The first strand of cDNA for gene cloning was synthesized using the M-MLV cDNA first-strand synthesis kit (Takara, DaLian, China) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Then, the cDNA was diluted to the concentration of 100 μg/μL for further gene cloning PCR. Finally, cDNA synthesis for qRT-PCR was carried out using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, DaLian, China) according to the provided protocol.

2.3. PCR Primer Design and Amplification Conditions

In order to find the conserved sequence for primer design, highly homologous nucleic acid sequences of CBL genes were selected for the alignment analysis using DAMAN software. The forward and reverse primers of the target gene were designed for cloning (Table 1). The PCR reaction mixture (25 μL) was as follows: mixture cDNA template 1 μL, 10 × buffer 2 μL, forward primer (10 mM) 1 μL, reverse primer (10 mM) 1 μL, Taq DNA polymerase (200 U/μL) 0.16 μL, dNTPs (10 mM) 0.4 μL, and ddH2O 19.44 μL. PCR reaction was performed for 35 cycles of denaturation, annealing, and elongation at 95 °C for 40 s, 55 °C for 50 s, and 72 °C for 2 min. After the reaction, 4 μL of PCR products was validated by electrophoresis on 1.0% agarose gel. The PCR products were gel-purified and cloned into a pMD18-T vector as described by the manufacturer (Takara, DaLian, China). The clone was sequenced using the ABI 3730XL genetic analyzer (Thermo Fisher, Saint Luis, MO, USA).

2.4. Sequence Analysis and Prediction

The nucleotide sequences of the CBL1, CBL3, CBL5, CBL6, and CBL9 genes in sugarcane were analyzed via various analytical software programs and tools. BioXM 2.6 was used to predict the gene-encoded amino acid sequence. NCBI online analysis software was used for gene homology analysis compared to other species. The protein molecular weight and isoelectric point were analyzed using online software (http://isoelectric.ovh.org/, accessed on 3 December 2021). Protein subcellular localization was analyzed using the WoLF PSORT online software. SOSUI signal software was used for prediction of the signal peptide. Protein secondary structure was predicted by the SOPMA software. The protein motif was analyzed using Motif Scan online software. MEGA 4.0 software was used to construct a phylogenetic tree for each gene-encoded amino acid sequence compared to other species.

2.5. Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Gene Expression Analysis

Specific primers for real-time PCR were designed based on the full-length cDNA sequences of CBL1, CBL3, CBL5, CBL6, and CBL9 genes (Table 2). The sugarcane glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene (EF189713) was used as the reference gene. The real-time PCR reaction was performed on a Light Cycler 480II (Roche, Switzerland) real-time PCR instrument, and the data were analyzed using qBASE plus software. The qRT-RCR reaction mixture (20 μL) included SYBR® PremixExTaqTMII (2×) 10 μL, forward primer (10 μM) 0.8 μL, reverse primer (10 μM) 0.8 μL, cDNA template of each sample (50 ng/μL) 2.0 μL, ddH2O 6.4 μL. The qRT-RCR reaction procedure was as follows: pre-incubation 1 cycle at 95 °C for 30 s, amplification 45 cycles at 95 °C for 5 s and 60 °C for 20 s, melting curve 1 cycle at 95 °C for 1 s and 65 °C for 15 s, 95 °C continuous, and cooling at 40 °C for 30 s. The relative expression was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCt method with three biological replicates.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 software, and the significant difference between treatments was tested with Duncan’s new multiple range method (P ≤ 0.05).

3. Results

3.1. Total RNA and cDNA Quality of Sugarcane Leaves

The total RNA in sugarcane leaves was extracted using Trizol, and the concentration and purity of the total RNA were detected by 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry (Figure 1A). The results showed that the OD260/280 value was between 1.85 and 1.95, and the OD260/230 was between 2.0 and 2.2, indicating that the purity and quality of the extracted RNA were high. The RNA was used to synthesize cDNA using a reverse transcription kit, and the size of the cDNA products was between 100 and 2000 bp, illustrating that the reverse transcription quality was good (Figure 1B). Therefore, the total RNA and cDNA obtained in the experiment were good enough for the subsequent experiments.

3.2. Cloning and Sequencing of Sugarcane SoCBL Genes

According to the literature, the CBL genes are related to cold tolerance [1,13,17,23,24]. Therefore, from the NCBI database, we referred to the CBL gene nucleic acid sequences of sorghum and maize to design the upstream and downstream degenerate primers for CBL1, CBL3, CBL5, CBL6, and CBL9, respectively. Then, using cDNA as the template and the upstream and downstream primers of the above five genes, the fragments of 642, 678, 657, 672, and 693 bp were amplified, respectively (Figure 2), and they were recovered, cloned, and sequenced. After comparison, it was found that the cDNA lengths were the same as those of CBL1, CBL3, CBL5, CBL6, and CBL9. Therefore, they were named SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9, respectively, and the NCBI gene registration numbers were KC800815, KC800816, KC800817, KC800818, and KC800819, respectively.

3.3. Bioinformatics Analysis of Sugarcane SoCBL

Bioinformatics analyses of the amino acid sequences of sugarcane SoCBL proteins (SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9) were performed (Figure 3).
The protein molecular weights of the five proteins were 24.5, 25.9, 25.2, 25.6, and 26.3 kD, respectively, and their corresponding isoelectric points were 4.6, 4.6, 5.0, 4.7, and 4.5, respectively (Table 3).
In addition, the subcellular localization analysis of the SoCBL proteins using online software revealed that SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9 were mainly located in the cytoplasm, while SoCBL5 was mainly located in mitochondria. No signal peptide was detected in SoCBL1, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9. The sequence of SoCBL3 contained a signal peptide (MLQCLDGVRQLLAVLLRCCD) located at the C-terminus. No trans-membrane motifs were aligned in any of the five proteins using TMpred. In order to further understand the structure and function of the SoCBL proteins, prediction of the protein secondary structure was performed using SOPMA. The analysis result showed that, even with different sequences, the amount and ratio of each putative secondary structure were relatively similar (Table 4).
In order to identify the regulation of protein expression, we performed some post-translation modification site analyses on the SoCBL proteins (Table 5). The numbers of putative casein kinase II phosphorylation sites in SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9 were six, seven, five, four, and four, respectively. There was one putative N-myristoylation site in each SoCBL protein. SoCBL1 and SoCBL5 had similar putative sites in N-myristoylation, while SoCBL3 shared alike putative N-myristoylation sites and cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation putative sites with SoCBL6. In the EF calcium-binding domain and EF domain analyses, all SoCBL proteins contained the same number and similar location of these two putative domains.

3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis of Sugarcane SoCBL

In order to investigate the evolutionary relationship of the sugarcane CBL protein family, phylogenetic analysis of the five sugarcane CBL protein sequences was performed. Twenty-four CBL proteins from different plants were retrieved from the GenBank database. All the protein sequences were aligned and trimmed. The resulting multiple sequence alignment (MSA) was used for phylogenetic analysis. The analysis showed that the CBL protein family was divided into four main clades (Figure 4).
All the sequences of CBL1 and CBL9 were clustered into one clade, indicating that these two members have high sequence identity. Clade II contained all the CBL6 proteins of all the species with strong support (bootstrap percentages, BP = 100). Clade III comprised all the CBL3 proteins from all the species (BP = 100). All the CBL5 proteins were supported in clade IV but with lower bootstrap percentages (BP = 50). Clades II and IV were the nodes with strong support (BP = 100), demonstrating that CBL3 and CBL6 are genetically similar. Each of the same types of genes was clustered into different clades, indicating that different clades of the CBL protein family may present different functions. Within the main clade, the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, So) proteins were always clustered with the proteins from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sb) and maize (Zea mays, Zm) (Figure 4). The CBL proteins from rice (Oryza sativa, Os) were correlated more to sugarcane than those from brome (Brachypodium distachyon, Bd) and Hordeum brevisubulatum in sequence diversity.

3.5. Change in Expression of SoCBL Genes in Response to Low-Temperature Stress

In order to understand the relationship of low-temperature stress with SoCBL gene expression, the relative change in mRNA accumulation upon exposure to 4 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days was measured.
The results showed that the expression levels and trends of SoCBL1 and SoCBL9 genes were consistent in the cold-resistant cultivar GT28 and the cold-susceptible cultivar YL6 under low-temperature stress. The relative expression level of SoCBL1, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9 increased, while SoCBL3 showed almost no change from 2 to 6 days of low-temperature stress in the cold-resistant cultivar GT28. For the cold-susceptible cultivar YL6, however, the highest expression of these genes was found in the control, except for SoCBL3. After 2 days of low-temperature stress, the expression of SoCBL3 and SoCBL5 declined rapidly, and then showed a steady decline, and reached the lowest level at 8 days in cold-susceptible cultivar YL6 (Figure 5).
In addition, the relative expression stability of these five SoCBL genes under low-temperature stress was analyzed using qBASE plus software, and the results (Figure 6) indicated that the higher the expression value, the more affected the plant was under low-temperature stress.
All five genes were affected by the low-temperature stress in both varieties, with SoCBL3 being affected the most, followed by SoCBL5, while SoCBL1 and SoCBL9 were less affected, which indicates that the role of the CBL genes was consistent regardless of varieties under low-temperature stress.

4. Discussion

Cold is a detrimental abiotic stress to the growth of sugarcane, decreasing the crop yield during the cold season and affecting the income from crop production [25,26]. The cold resistance of sugarcane is already known to be associated with morphological and physiological characteristics such as leaf thickness, vesicular cell area, thick-walled vascular bundle tissue thickness, and electrolyte extravasation rates [27]. In addition, cold stress leads to increased peroxidation of the leaf membrane, and increased soluble sugar, proline, and MDA content, but decreased chlorophyll content in sugarcane [28,29]. At a molecular level, studies revealed that cold stress influenced the expression of several genes in sugarcane, including those identified by bioinformatic analyses to be involved in calcium metabolism [30,31]. Similar results were reported in other plant species [32,33,34].
Calcium is a critical messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes, and is detected and transmitted by a variety of calcium sensor molecules to elicit different responses in plants. The calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) family serves as a unique group of calcium sensors by sensing calcium signals with the help of a family of protein kinases (CIPKs). The five SoCBL genes (SoCBL1, SoCBL3, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9) were cloned in the present study. The amino sequences and functional domains were analyzed. The structures of the five CBL proteins were very conserved and identical (Table 3). All five proteins contained three EF-hand domains, whereas it was reported that the CBL protein typically contains four highly conserved EF-hand domains [35]. These two domains might be involved because the EF-hand domain binds Ca2+ via the loop structure to cause protein conformation changes, thereby activating the protein function and then regulating plant responses to various stresses with the help of multiple signal transduction systems [9]. In addition, it was found that the sugarcane SoCBL proteins contain various putative phosphorylation sites, such as casein kinase II and protein kinase C, especially in SoCBL3, SoCBL5, and SoCBL6, which also contain putative cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites. When plants undergo environmental changes, the Ca2+ receptor itself does not perform an enzymatic activity, but its activity is activated when binding Ca2+ combined with the Ca2+ released by the plant itself to activate the Ca2+-regulated target enzyme activity, subsequently by phosphorylation and a series of intermolecular interactions of kinases, regulating the expression changes of specific genes to enhance stress resistance [36]. It was shown that this EF-hand domain of CBL plays a role in salt tolerance [37,38]. However, further investigation is needed to investigate whether it has the same effect under low-temperature stress.
Numerous studies have shown that CBL plays an important regulatory role in plants under many environmental stresses, such as high salt and low temperature [39], but few studies have examined the CBL genes in sugarcane [19,20,22,40]. Five CBL genes were cloned (GenBank accession #KC800815, KC800816, KC800817, KC800818, and KC800819) from the sugarcane cultivar GT28 by Zhang in 2013 [40]. The CBL members in sugarcane appear to be involved in the response to numerous chemical stresses, such as salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, hydrogen peroxide, polyethylene glycol, salt, and copper chloride [22]. The overexpression of CBLs in Nicotiana benthamiana also increased the tobacco resistance to the Ralstonia solanacearum pathogen [22]. Ling et al. [20] also showed that ScCBL1 and ScCBL6 were involved in low-potassium, drought, and salt stresses. In this research, the expression analysis of five sugarcane CBL genes under low-temperature stress was carried out, and it was found that the expression of SoCBL1, SoCBL5, SoCBL6, and SoCBL9 increased under low-temperature stress, indicating that these genes play an important role in plant signal transduction under low-temperature stress. Because the basic function of CBL is to sense the changes in calcium concentration, the expression of sugarcane CBL genes probably increased, triggered by the calcium concentration, suggesting that these genes can respond to the changes in calcium concentration [41]. Therefore, it is speculated that the CBL genes in sugarcane might participate in the response to low-temperature stress. Nevertheless, the expression of SoCBL3 declined under low-temperature stress, suggesting that the regulation mechanism of the CBL family genes is different under different types of temperature stress.

5. Conclusions

A CBL-CIPK signaling pathway is a complex system. In order to make clear how the sugarcane CBL genes interact with specific proteins to activate the downstream genes under low-temperature stress, a comprehensive analysis of genes was needed concerning the function of sugarcane CBL and CIPK. The five sugarcane CBL genes cloned in this study showed a certain response to low-temperature stress, but, due to different gene functions, the defense pathways involved in the response to low-temperature stress might be different, which would provide an important molecular basis for strengthening sugarcane against low-temperature stress and other abiotic stresses, and could be referred to by subsequent research.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.-Q.Z. and X.-P.S.; software, X.-Q.Z.; validation, Y.-R.L.; formal analysis, B.-Q.Z.; investigation, B.-Q.Z., Y.-J.L. and S.Z.; data curation, B.-Q.Z., Y.-X.H., S.Z. and C.-F.Y.; writing—review and editing, B.-Q.Z. and X.-P.S.; supervision, L.-T.Y.; project administration, X.H. and Y.-R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was co-supported by the National R&D Program of China (2018YFD1000500 2019YFD1000500), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760415, 31660356, 31901594), Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project (GK AA17202042-1, GK AB16380126), Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Science and Technology Development Fund Project (GNK2018JZ16, GNK2018JZ31, GNK2017JZ19), Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special (GK AD17195100), Guangxi “Bagui Scholars” Special Project (2013-03), and National Modern Agricultural Production Technology System Guangxi Sugarcane Innovation Team Project (nycytxgxcxtd-2021-03-01).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Xiong, L.; Schumaker, K.S.; Zhu, J.-K. Cell Signaling during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress. Plant Cell 2002, 14 (Suppl. 1), S165–S183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Sanders, D.; Pelloux, J.; Brownlee, C.; Harper, J.F. Calcium at the Crossroads of Signaling. Plant Cell 2002, 14, S401–S417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Dodd, A.N.; Kudla, J.; Sanders, D. The language of calcium signaling. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2010, 61, 593–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Liu, J.; Zhu, J.-K. A Calcium Sensor Homolog Required for Plant Salt Tolerance. Science 1998, 280, 1943–1945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Kudla, J.; Xu, Q.; Harter, K.; Gruissem, W.; Luan, S. Genes for calcineurin B-like proteins in Arabidopsis are differentially regulated by stress signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 4718–4723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Harmon, A.C.; Gribskov, M.; Harper, J.F. CDPKs—A kinase for every Ca2+ signal? Trends Plant Sci. 2000, 5, 154–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Snedden, W.A.; Fromm, H. Calmodulin as a versatile calcium signal transducer in plants. New Phytol. 2001, 151, 35–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Batistič, O.; Kudla, J. Plant calcineurin B-like proteins and their interacting protein kinases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1793, 985–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Kolukisaoglu, Ü.; Weinl, S.; Blazevic, D.; Batistic, O.; Kudla, J. Calcium Sensors and Their Interacting Protein Kinases: Genomics of the Arabidopsis and Rice CBL-CIPK Signaling Networks. Plant Physiol. 2004, 134, 43–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Luan, S.; Kudla, J.; Rodriguez-Concepcion, M.; Yalovsky, S.; Gruissem, W. Calmodulins and Calcineurin B–like Proteins. Plant Cell 2002, 14, S389–S400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Luan, S. The CBL–CIPK network in plant calcium signaling. Trends Plant Sci. 2009, 14, 37–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Ishitani, M.; Liu, J.; Halfter, U.; Kim, C.-S.; Shi, W.; Zhu, J.-K. SOS3 Function in Plant Salt Tolerance Requires N-Myristoylation and Calcium Binding. Plant Cell 2000, 12, 1667–1677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Cheong, Y.H.; Kim, K.-N.; Pandey, G.K.; Gupta, R.; Grant, J.J.; Luan, S. CBL1, a Calcium Sensor That Differentially Regulates Salt, Drought, and Cold Responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2003, 15, 1833–1845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Cheong, Y.H.; Sung, S.J.; Kim, B.-G.; Pandey, G.K.; Cho, J.-S.; Kim, K.-N.; Luan, S. Constitutive overexpression of the calcium sensor CBL5 confers osmotic or drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Mol. Cells 2010, 29, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Pandey, G.K.; Cheong, Y.H.; Kim, K.-N.; Grant, J.J.; Li, L.; Hung, W.; D’Angelo, C.; Weinl, S.; Kudla, J.; Luan, S. The Calcium Sensor Calcineurin B-Like 9 Modulates Abscisic Acid Sensitivity and Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2004, 16, 1912–1924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Yoon, S.; Park, J.; Ryu, M.; Yoon, I.S.; Kim, K.-N. Calcineurin B-like proteins in rice can bind with calcium ion and associate with the Arabidopsis CIPK family members. Plant Sci. 2009, 177, 577–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Mahajan, S.; Sopory, S.K.; Tuteja, N. Cloning and characterization of CBL-CIPK signalling components from a legume (Pisum sativum). FEBS J. 2006, 273, 907–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Zhao, J.F.; Yu, A.L.; Tian, G.; Du, Y.W.; Guo, E.H.; Diao, X.M. Identification of CBL genes from foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv) and its expression under drought and salt stresses. Acta Agron. Sin. 2013, 39, 360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Farani, T.; Gentile, A.; Tavares, R.; Ribeiro, C.; Menossi, M. Characterization of a protein-protein interaction network of the CBL-interacting protein kinase 8 from sugarcane. Genet. Mol. Res. 2015, 14, 483–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Ling, Q.; Zeng, Q.; Wu, J.; Hu, F.; Li, Q.; Qi, Y. Analysis of CBL1 and CBL6 gene expression in sugarcane under abiotic stress. Mol. Plant Breed. 2018, 16, 377–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ling, Q.P.; Wu, J.Y.; Yang, Z.D.; Zhou, W.L.; Huang, Y.; Li, Q.W.; Zeng, Q.Y. Cloning and Expression Characteristic Analysis of SsCBL4 gene from Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). J. Agric. Bio. 2019, 27, 1351–1359. [Google Scholar]
  22. Su, W.; Huang, L.; Ling, H.; Mao, H.; Huang, N.; Su, Y.; Ren, Y.; Wang, D.; Xu, L.; Muhammad, K.; et al. Sugarcane calcineurin B-like (CBL) genes play important but versatile roles in regulation of responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Albrecht, V.; Weinl, S.; Blazevic, D.; D’Angelo, C.; Batistic, O.; Kolukisaoglu, Ü.; Bock, R.; Schulz, B.; Harter, K.; Kudla, J. The calcium sensor CBL1 integrates plant responses to abiotic stresses. Plant J. 2003, 36, 457–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Sánchez-Barrena, M.J.; Martinez-Ripoll, M.; Albert, A. Structural Biology of a Major Signaling Network that Regulates Plant Abiotic Stress: The CBL-CIPK Mediated Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 5734–5749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Knight, L.; Riggs, W. Nourishing urbanism: A case for a new urban paradigm. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 2010, 8, 116–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Pang, X.; Zhu, P.; Zhou, Q.; Huang, Q.; Tan, Q.; Chun, L. Research progress on sugarcane response to cold stress. Guizhou Agric. Sci. 2015, 43, 39–43. [Google Scholar]
  27. Zhu, P.; Pang, X.; Tan, Q.; Liang, C.; Yan, L.; Zhou, Q. Effects of chilling on photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigment contents in leaves of different sugarcane varieties. Chin. J. Trop. Crop. 2019, 40, 51–57. [Google Scholar]
  28. Ding, C.; Yang, Q.; Li, F.; Weifu, L. Effect of cold stress on the content of free-proline in leaf of Saccharum spontaneum L. and sclerostachya (II). J. Anhui Agric. Sci. 2006, 34, 30–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Wang, H.; Jiao, X.; Kong, X.; Hamera, S.; Wu, Y.; Chen, X.; Fang, R.; Yan, Y. A Signaling Cascade from miR444 to RDR1 in Rice Antiviral RNA Silencing Pathway. Plant Physiol. 2016, 170, 2365–2377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Huang, X.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Song, X.; Li, Y.; Qin, Z.; Li, D.; Chen, R.; Zhou, Z.; Deng, Y.; et al. Integration of Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Analysis Revealed the Early Response Mechanism of Sugarcane to Cold Stress. Front. Genet. 2021, 11, 1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Yang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Su, Y.; Zou, J.; Wang, Z.; Xu, L.; Que, Y. miRNA alteration is an important mechanism in sugarcane response to low-temperature environment. BMC Genom. 2017, 18, 833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Peng, X.; Wu, Q.; Teng, L.; Tang, F.; Pi, Z.; Shen, S. Transcriptional regulation of the paper mulberry under cold stress as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of transcription factors. BMC Plant Biol. 2015, 15, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Li, Q.; Byrns, B.; Badawi, M.A.; Diallo, A.B.; Danyluk, J.; Sarhan, F.; Laudencia-Chingcuanco, D.; Zou, J.; Fowler, D.B. Transcriptomic Insights into Phenological Development and Cold Tolerance of Wheat Grown in the Field. Plant Physiol. 2017, 176, 2376–2394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Shi, Y.; Ding, Y.; Yang, S. Molecular Regulation of CBF Signaling in Cold Acclimation. Trends Plant Sci. 2018, 23, 623–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Batistic, O.; Kudla, J. Integration and channeling of calcium signaling through the CBL calcium sensor/CIPK protein kinase network. Planta 2004, 219, 915–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Fuglsang, A.T.; Guo, Y.; Cuin, T.A.; Qiu, Q.; Song, C.; Kristiansen, K.A.; Bych, K.; Schulz, A.; Shabala, S.; Schumaker, K.S.; et al. Arabidopsis Protein Kinase PKS5 Inhibits the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase by Preventing Interaction with 14-3-3 Protein. Plant Cell 2007, 19, 1617–1634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Ma, X.; Li, Q.-H.; Yu, Y.-N.; Qiao, Y.-M.; Haq, S.; Gong, Z.-H. The CBL–CIPK Pathway in Plant Response to Stress Signals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Chen, P.; Yang, J.; Mei, Q.; Liu, H.; Cheng, Y.; Ma, F.; Mao, K. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Apple CBL Family Reveals That Mdcbl10.1 Functions Positively in Modulating Apple Salt Tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Jiang, X.-S.; Wassif, C.; Backlund, P.S.; Song, L.; Holtzclaw, L.; Li, Z.; Yergey, A.L.; Porter, F.D. Activation of Rho GTPases in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome: Pathophysiological and clinical implications. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19, 1347–1357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Zhang, B.Q. Study on the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics and Differentially Expressed Proteome during Late Growth Stage of Sugarcane under Cold Stress. Ph.D. Thesis, Guangxi University, Nanning, China, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  41. Li, H.; Cong, Y.C.; Chang, Y.; Lin, J.; Sheng, B.L. Isolation of a calcineurin b-like protein gene PbCBL2 from Pyrus betulaefolia and preliminary study of gene function. Acta Hortic. Sin. 2013, 40, 1445–1455. [Google Scholar]
Genes 13 00246 g001 550
Figure 1. The quality of total RNA and cDNA from leaves of sugarcane cultivars GT28 and YL6. (A) The total RNA was detected by 1.0% gel agarose gel electrophoresis. (B) The size of the cDNA products was between 100 and 2000 bp. M, molecular weight marker.
Figure 1. The quality of total RNA and cDNA from leaves of sugarcane cultivars GT28 and YL6. (A) The total RNA was detected by 1.0% gel agarose gel electrophoresis. (B) The size of the cDNA products was between 100 and 2000 bp. M, molecular weight marker.
Genes 13 00246 g001
Genes 13 00246 g002 550
Figure 2. PCR product analysis of the five SoCBL genes (A): SoCBL1; (B): SoCBL3; (C): SoCBL5; (D): SoCBL6; (E): SoCBL9 in sugarcane. M, molecular weight marker.
Figure 2. PCR product analysis of the five SoCBL genes (A): SoCBL1; (B): SoCBL3; (C): SoCBL5; (D): SoCBL6; (E): SoCBL9 in sugarcane. M, molecular weight marker.
Genes 13 00246 g002
Genes 13 00246 g003 550
Figure 3. Predicted amino acid sequences of the SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
Figure 3. Predicted amino acid sequences of the SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
Genes 13 00246 g003
Genes 13 00246 g004 550
Figure 4. Amino acid sequence homology analysis of the SoCBL proteins from sugarcane compared with the CBL proteins from other plant species. SoCBL1, Saccharum officenarum; SbCBL1, Sorghum bicolor XP_002467472.1; ZmCBL1, Zea mays NP_001130480.1; OsCBL1 Oryza sativa Q7XC27.2; BdCBL1, Brachypodium distachyon XP_003574350.1; HbCBL1, Hordeum brevisubulatum AER42616.1; SoCBL3, Saccharum officenarum; SbCBL3, Sorghum bicolor XP_002442450.1; ZmCBL3, Zea mays NP_001131294.1; OsCBL3, Oryza sativa EEC69608.1; HvCBL3, Hordeum vulgare BAJ86631.1; GhCBL3, Gossypium hirsutum ABW06390.1; SoCBL5, Saccharum officenarum; SbCBL5, Sorghum bicolor ACQ83549.1; ZmCBL5, Zea mays DAA58834.1; OsCBL5, Oryza sativa BAD53426.1; BdCBL5, Brachypodium distachyon XP_003568025.1; SlCBL5, Solanum lycopersicum NP_001234705.1; SoCBL6, Saccharum officenarum; BdCBL6, Brachypodium distachyon XP_003563139.1; OsCBL6, Oryza sativa NP_001066223.1; ZmCBL6, Zea mays NP_001151206.1; SbCBL6, Sorghum bicolor XP_002442860.1; HbCBL6, Hordeum brevisubulatum AER42617.1; SoCBL9, Saccharum officenarum; ZmCBL9, Zea mays NP_001151319.1; OsCBL9, Oryza sativa Q7XC27.2; HbCBL9, Hordeum brevisubulatum AFD23460.1; AtCBL9, Arabidopsis thaliana NP_199521.1; SbCBL9, Sorghum bicolor XP_002467472.1.
Figure 4. Amino acid sequence homology analysis of the SoCBL proteins from sugarcane compared with the CBL proteins from other plant species. SoCBL1, Saccharum officenarum; SbCBL1, Sorghum bicolor XP_002467472.1; ZmCBL1, Zea mays NP_001130480.1; OsCBL1 Oryza sativa Q7XC27.2; BdCBL1, Brachypodium distachyon XP_003574350.1; HbCBL1, Hordeum brevisubulatum AER42616.1; SoCBL3, Saccharum officenarum; SbCBL3, Sorghum bicolor XP_002442450.1; ZmCBL3, Zea mays NP_001131294.1; OsCBL3, Oryza sativa EEC69608.1; HvCBL3, Hordeum vulgare BAJ86631.1; GhCBL3, Gossypium hirsutum ABW06390.1; SoCBL5, Saccharum officenarum; SbCBL5, Sorghum bicolor ACQ83549.1; ZmCBL5, Zea mays DAA58834.1; OsCBL5, Oryza sativa BAD53426.1; BdCBL5, Brachypodium distachyon XP_003568025.1; SlCBL5, Solanum lycopersicum NP_001234705.1; SoCBL6, Saccharum officenarum; BdCBL6, Brachypodium distachyon XP_003563139.1; OsCBL6, Oryza sativa NP_001066223.1; ZmCBL6, Zea mays NP_001151206.1; SbCBL6, Sorghum bicolor XP_002442860.1; HbCBL6, Hordeum brevisubulatum AER42617.1; SoCBL9, Saccharum officenarum; ZmCBL9, Zea mays NP_001151319.1; OsCBL9, Oryza sativa Q7XC27.2; HbCBL9, Hordeum brevisubulatum AFD23460.1; AtCBL9, Arabidopsis thaliana NP_199521.1; SbCBL9, Sorghum bicolor XP_002467472.1.
Genes 13 00246 g004
Genes 13 00246 g005a 550Genes 13 00246 g005b 550
Figure 5. Expression analysis of the SoCBL genes in the leaves of sugarcane cultivars GT28 (cold-resistant) and YL6 (cold-susceptible) under low-temperature stress. All the tested results were obtained from 3 biological replicates and statistical analysis was applied via Student’s t-tests in GraphPad Prism 8.0 software; p < 0.05 for significant difference (*) and p < 0.01 for highly significant difference (**).
Figure 5. Expression analysis of the SoCBL genes in the leaves of sugarcane cultivars GT28 (cold-resistant) and YL6 (cold-susceptible) under low-temperature stress. All the tested results were obtained from 3 biological replicates and statistical analysis was applied via Student’s t-tests in GraphPad Prism 8.0 software; p < 0.05 for significant difference (*) and p < 0.01 for highly significant difference (**).
Genes 13 00246 g005aGenes 13 00246 g005b
Genes 13 00246 g006 550
Figure 6. Average expression stability of sugarcane SoCBL genes under low-temperature stress.
Figure 6. Average expression stability of sugarcane SoCBL genes under low-temperature stress.
Genes 13 00246 g006
Table
Table 1. PCR primers used for gene cloning analysis.
Table 1. PCR primers used for gene cloning analysis.
PrimerSequence (5′-3′)Size of Fragment (bp)
CBL1-FATGGGGTGCTTCCATTCCACGGCGA642
CBL1-RTCACGTGACGAGATCGTC(C/G) ACTTC
CBL3-FATG(T/G)TGCAGTGCCTGGA(T/C) GG678
CBL3-RTCAG(T/G)TATCATCGAC(T/C)TGAGA
CBL5-FATGGGCTGTCTGCAAACAAAGCACG657
CBL5-RTTAGACAGCCATGTCTGTTTC
CBL6-FATGGTGGACTT(T/C) GTTCGACGGCT672
CBL6-RTCACGCATCCTCTACTTG(A/C) GAGTTG
CBL9-FATGGG(A/G) TGCTTCCATTCCACGGC693
CBL9-RTCACGTGACGAGATC(A/G) TC(G/C) ACTTC
Table
Table 2. Primers used for real-time PCR analysis.
Table 2. Primers used for real-time PCR analysis.
PrimerSequence (5′-3′)Size of Fragment (bp)
GAPDH-FAAGGGTGGTGCCAAGAAGG145
GAPDH-RCAAGGGGAGCAAGGCAGTT
CBL1-FTATGGATGGCACAGGGTTTATT131
CBL1-RCAGCGTCCGAAAATGTCTTATC
CBL3-FAGCAAGAAGGAGAGCCTGTTC123
CBL3-RAAGGGGAGCATTAGGATGAAAT
CBL5-FACACAAAAGGTGATGGGAAGAT98
CBL5-RCTTGAGGTAGGGAAGGGTCATA
CBL6-FGTGGTTGATGATGGCTTGATTA172
CBL6-RCACTTGGATGGAACACAGAAAG
CBL9-FTATGGATGGCACAGGGTTTATT131
CBL9-RCAGCGTCCGAAAATGTCTTATC
Table
Table 3. Identification of the five SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
Table 3. Identification of the five SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
ProteinAccession NumberMWpI
SoCBL1AGO81718.124.5 kD4.6
SoCBL3AGO81719.125.9 kD4.6
SoCBL5AGO81720.125.2 kD5.0
SoCBL6AGO81721.125.6 kD4.7
SoCBL9AGO81722.126.3 kD4.5
Table
Table 4. Putative functional domain analysis of amino acid sequences encoded by five SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
Table 4. Putative functional domain analysis of amino acid sequences encoded by five SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
ProteinCasein Kinase II Phosphorylation SiteN-Myristoylation SitePhosphorylation SiteN-Glycosylation SiteCAMP- and cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Phosphorylation SiteEF Calcium-Binding Domain
SoCBL128~31, 45~48, 151~154, 156~159, 171~174, 206~2092~77~9, 112~114 161~173, 67~102, 104~139,
SoCBL342~45, 79~82, 150~153, 165~168, 170~173, 176~179, 220~223155~160 157~160, 200~20354~57, 80~8379~114, 116~151, 160~195
SoCBL531~34, 106~109, 143~146, 165~168, 212~2152~767~69189~19243~4670~105, 107~142, 151~186
SoCBL6148~151, 168~171, 174~177, 218~221153~15876~78155~158, 198~20152~55, 78~8179~114, 116~151, 160~195
SoCBL945~48, 62~65, 168~171, 173~176, 188~191, 223~22619~2424~26, 129~1316~9 84~119, 121~156, 165~200
Table
Table 5. Putative secondary structure of the five SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
Table 5. Putative secondary structure of the five SoCBL proteins in sugarcane.
ProteinNumber of α-HelicesNumber of Extended StrandsNumber of β-TurnsNumber of Random Coils
SoCBL1106 (49.8%)16 (7.5%)14 (6.6%)77 (36.2%)
SoCBL3126 (56.0%)13 (5.8%)18 (8.9%)68 (30.2%)
SoCBL5110 (50.5%)23 (10.6%)14 (7.2%)71 (32.7%)
SoCBL6121 (54.3%)13 (5.8%)16 (7.2%)73 (32.7%)
SoCBL9118 (51.3%)19 (8.3%)16 (7.0%)77 (33.5%)
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, B.-Q.; Song, X.-P.; Zhang, X.-Q.; Huang, Y.-X.; Liang, Y.-J.; Zhou, S.; Yang, C.-F.; Yang, L.-T.; Huang, X.; Li, Y.-R. Differential Gene Expression Analysis of SoCBL Family Calcineurin B-like Proteins: Potential Involvement in Sugarcane Cold Stress. Genes 2022, 13, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020246

AMA Style

Zhang B-Q, Song X-P, Zhang X-Q, Huang Y-X, Liang Y-J, Zhou S, Yang C-F, Yang L-T, Huang X, Li Y-R. Differential Gene Expression Analysis of SoCBL Family Calcineurin B-like Proteins: Potential Involvement in Sugarcane Cold Stress. Genes. 2022; 13(2):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020246

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Bao-Qing, Xiu-Peng Song, Xiao-Qiu Zhang, Yu-Xin Huang, Yong-Jian Liang, Shan Zhou, Cui-Fang Yang, Li-Tao Yang, Xing Huang, and Yang-Rui Li. 2022. "Differential Gene Expression Analysis of SoCBL Family Calcineurin B-like Proteins: Potential Involvement in Sugarcane Cold Stress" Genes 13, no. 2: 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020246

APA Style

Zhang, B.-Q., Song, X.-P., Zhang, X.-Q., Huang, Y.-X., Liang, Y.-J., Zhou, S., Yang, C.-F., Yang, L.-T., Huang, X., & Li, Y.-R. (2022). Differential Gene Expression Analysis of SoCBL Family Calcineurin B-like Proteins: Potential Involvement in Sugarcane Cold Stress. Genes, 13(2), 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020246

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop