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Volume 12
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10.3390/genes12071061
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Article

Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021

by
Wajdy J. Al-Awaida
1,*,
Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani
2,
Samer Swedan
3,
Refat Nimer
3,
Foad Alzoughool
4,
Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer
1,
Sara E. Al Tamam
1,
Raghad Alashqar
1,
Omar Al bawareed
5,
Yulia Gushchina
6,
Mohamed Samy Abousenna
7,
Amani Marwan Ayyash
8,
Ahmad Sharab
1,
Sulaiman M. Alnaimat
9,
Amer Imraish
10,
Muhanad W. Akash
11 and
Najah R. Hadi
12
1
Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan
2
Department of Biology and Chemistry, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
3
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
4
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
5
Department of Normal Physiology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
6
Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
7
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo 11517, Egypt
8
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Heath Sciences, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan
9
Biological Department, Faculty of Science, Al Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an P.O. Box 20, Jordan
10
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
11
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
12
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf 540011, Iraq
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Paolo Cinelli and Michele Rubini
Genes 2021, 12(7), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071061
Received: 17 May 2021 / Revised: 21 June 2021 / Accepted: 9 July 2021 / Published: 12 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may affect various aspects of the disease including fatality ratio. In this study, 553,518 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences isolated from patients from continents for the period 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 were comprehensively analyzed and a total of 82 mutations were identified concerning the reference sequence. In addition, associations between the mutations and the case fatality ratio (CFR), cases per million and deaths per million, were examined. The mutations having the highest frequencies among different continents were Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L. Among the identified mutations, NSP2_T153M, NSP14_I42V and Spike_L18F mutations showed a positive correlation to CFR. While the NSP13_Y541C, NSP3_T73I and NSP3_Q180H mutations demonstrated a negative correlation to CFR. The Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L mutations showed a positive correlation to deaths per million. The NSP3_T1198K, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a significant negative correlation to deaths per million. The NSP12_P323L and Spike_D614G mutations showed a positive correlation to the number of cases per million. In contrast, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a negative correlation to the number of cases per million. In addition, among the identified clades, none showed a significant correlation to CFR. The G, GR, GV, S clades showed a significant positive correlation to deaths per million. The GR and S clades showed a positive correlation to number of cases per million. The clades having the highest frequencies among continents were G, followed by GH and GR. These findings should be taken into consideration during epidemiological surveys of the virus and vaccine development. View Full-Text
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; GISAID; deaths per million; cases per million; Spearman’s correlation; genomic variations; case fatality ratio SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; GISAID; deaths per million; cases per million; Spearman’s correlation; genomic variations; case fatality ratio
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MDPI and ACS Style

J. Al-Awaida, W.; Jawabrah Al Hourani, B.; Swedan, S.; Nimer, R.; Alzoughool, F.; J. Al-Ameer, H.; E. Al Tamam, S.; Alashqar, R.; Al bawareed, O.; Gushchina, Y.; Samy Abousenna, M.; Ayyash, A.M.; Sharab, A.; M. Alnaimat, S.; Imraish, A.; W. Akash, M.; R. Hadi, N. Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021. Genes 2021, 12, 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071061

AMA Style

J. Al-Awaida W, Jawabrah Al Hourani B, Swedan S, Nimer R, Alzoughool F, J. Al-Ameer H, E. Al Tamam S, Alashqar R, Al bawareed O, Gushchina Y, Samy Abousenna M, Ayyash AM, Sharab A, M. Alnaimat S, Imraish A, W. Akash M, R. Hadi N. Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021. Genes. 2021; 12(7):1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071061

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Al-Awaida, Wajdy, Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani, Samer Swedan, Refat Nimer, Foad Alzoughool, Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer, Sara E. Al Tamam, Raghad Alashqar, Omar Al bawareed, Yulia Gushchina, Mohamed Samy Abousenna, Amani M. Ayyash, Ahmad Sharab, Sulaiman M. Alnaimat, Amer Imraish, Muhanad W. Akash, and Najah R. Hadi. 2021. "Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021" Genes 12, no. 7: 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071061

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