Hp1-1 as a Genetic Marker Regulating Inflammation and the Possibility of Developing Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—Cohort Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Clinical and Biochemical Measurements
2.4. Haptoglobin Phenotyping
2.5. Assessment of Serum sCD163 Concentration
2.6. Assessment of Serum IL-10 Concentration
2.7. Assessment of Serum p53 Extracellular Secretion
2.8. Assessment of Serum HMGB1 Extracellular Secretion
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Haptoglobin Phenotyping
3.2. Comparative Analysis Results According to the Criterion of the Haptoglobin Phenotype
3.3. Comparative Analysis Results According to the Criterion of the Presence or Absence of Cardiovascular Disease
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SMRIP | specific markers regulating inflammatory processes |
Hp | haptoglobin |
Hp1-1 | haptoglobin phenotype 1-1 |
Hp2-1 | haptoglobin phenotype 2-1 |
Hp2-2 | haptoglobin phenotype 2-2 |
HMGB1 | high mobility group box protein 1 |
IL-10 | interleukin 10 |
sCD163 | soluble form of CD163 receptor |
RDW-SD | red blood cell distribution width |
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Variable | Group without Complications (N = 60) | Group with Complications (N = 34) | t(df = 92) | p-Value (1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Age(years) | 59.08 | 7.60 | 61.88 | 6.97 | −1.767 | 0.081 |
Waist (cm) | 111.32 | 15.23 | 116.03 | 11.58 | −1.564 | 0.121 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.35 | 1.62 | 9.41 | 1.39 | −0.188 | 0.851 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.63 | 0.65 | 3.79 | 0.58 | −1.186 | 0.239 |
Neutrophils (%) | 56.21 | 7.83 | 55.59 | 6.79 | 0.390 | 0.698 |
Lymphocytes (k/uL) | 2.31 | 0.69 | 2.38 | 0.57 | −0.496 | 0.621 |
MCV (fl) | 89.81 | 3.78 | 91.21 | 4.62 | −1.599 | 0.113 |
Platelets (k/uL) | 239.77 | 60.17 | 237.32 | 50.14 | 0.200 | 0.842 |
Variable | Group without Complications (N = 60) | Group with Complications (N = 34) | z | p-Value (2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mdn | IQR | Mdn | IQR | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 32.0 | 8.5 | 35.0 | 8.0 | −1.502 | 0.13 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | −2.994 | 0.003 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 150.0 | 60.0 | 175.0 | 50.0 | −1.707 | 0.090 |
Glycemia 2 h after a meal (mg/dL) | 205.0 | 90.0 | 250.0 | 100.0 | −2.090 | 0.039 |
CRP (mg/L) | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.5 | −0.709 | 0.478 |
Ca (mmol/L) | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.2 | −0.559 | 0.576 |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 16.8 | 9.9 | 18.5 | 9.1 | 0.354 | 0.722 |
Daily dose of metformin (mg) | 2550.0 | 1225.0 | 2550.0 | 1500.0 | 0.562 | 0.586 |
Leukocytes (tys./uL) | 7.1 | 2.4 | 7.6 | 1.8 | −0.826 | 0.408 |
Neutrophils (tys./uL) | 3.9 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 1.2 | −0.378 | 0.704 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 30.5 | 9.8 | 31.6 | 8.2 | −0.956 | 0.341 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.6 | 1.9 | 13.6 | 2.3 | 1.583 | 0.113 |
Erythrocytes (mln/uL) | 4.9 | 0.6 | 4.8 | 0.8 | 0.775 | 0.440 |
Hematocrit (%) | 44.3 | 5.7 | 42.7 | 6.5 | 1.165 | 0.244 |
RDW-SD | 42.0 | 3.3 | 44.3 | 5.2 | −2.062 | 0.038 |
RDW (%) | 12.9 | 1.1 | 13.1 | 1.0 | −1.611 | 0.108 |
Il−10 (pg/mL) | 31.9 | 43.7 | 46.1 | 66.0 | −1.319 | 0.188 |
Protein p53 (U/mL) | 62.4 | 66.8 | 60.9 | 110.2 | −0.574 | 0.565 |
sCD163 (ng/mL) | 118.0 | 58.3 | 135.1 | 62.1 | −1.098 | 0.274 |
HMGB1 (pg/mL) | 3811.5 | 834.1 | 3416.2 | 1346.8 | 1.432 | 0.152 |
Variable | Variants | Group without Complications (N = 60) | Group with Complications (N = 34) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |||
Sex | Men | 37 | 61.7 | 19 | 55.9 | 0.664 (3) |
Women | 23 | 38.3 | 15 | 44.1 | ||
Nicotine addiction | No | 32 | 53.3 | 12 | 35.3 | 0.132 (3) |
Yes | 28 | 46.7 | 22 | 64.7 | ||
Retinopathy | No | 52 | 86.7 | 27 | 79.4 | 0.389 (3) |
Yes | 8 | 13.3 | 7 | 20.6 | ||
Additional treatment | Insulin | 40 | 66.7 | 27 | 79.4 | 0.239 (3) |
Oral medications | 20 | 33.3 | 7 | 20.6 | ||
Statins or fibrates | No | 20 | 33.3 | 9 | 26.5 | 0.643 (3) |
Yes | 40 | 66.7 | 25 | 73.5 | ||
Haptoglobin | Hp1-1 | 5 | 8.3 | 4 | 11.8 | 0.569 (4) |
Hp2-1 | 26 | 43.3 | 11 | 32.4 | ||
Hp2-2 | 29 | 48.3 | 19 | 55.9 |
Variable | Group without Complications | Group with Complications | z | p -Value (5) | η2(6) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mdn | IQR | Mdn | IQR | ||||
Group not taking lipid-lowering drugs (3 vs. 11 vs. 15) | |||||||
HDL (mg/dL) | 46.5 | 11.5 | 42.0 | 8.0 | 1.982 | 0.044 | 0.135 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 86.0 | 41.0 | 134.0 | 59.0 | -2.641 | 0.006 | 0.241 |
Total cholesterol | 160.5 | 42.5 | 226.0 | 62.0 | −2.381 | 0.015 | 0.195 |
TG (mg/dL) | 108.5 | 73.5 | 190.0 | 255.0 | −2.664 | 0.006 | 0.245 |
Group taking lipid-lowering drugs (40 vs. 25) | |||||||
HDL (mg/dL) | 41.5 | 16.5 | 43.0 | 10.0 | −0.270 | 0.784 | 0.001 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 108.5 | 58.0 | 64.0 | 41.0 | 3.291 | 0.001 | 0.167 |
Total cholesterol | 186.0 | 60.5 | 135.0 | 40.0 | 3.506 | 0.000 | 0.189 |
TG (mg/dL) | 154.0 | 134.5 | 148.0 | 74.0 | 0.930 | 0.351 | 0.013 |
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Stempkowska, A.; Walicka, M.; Franek, E.; Naruszewicz, M.; Panczyk, M.; Sanchak, Y.; Filipek, A. Hp1-1 as a Genetic Marker Regulating Inflammation and the Possibility of Developing Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—Cohort Studies. Genes 2020, 11, 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111253
Stempkowska A, Walicka M, Franek E, Naruszewicz M, Panczyk M, Sanchak Y, Filipek A. Hp1-1 as a Genetic Marker Regulating Inflammation and the Possibility of Developing Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—Cohort Studies. Genes. 2020; 11(11):1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111253
Chicago/Turabian StyleStempkowska, Anna, Magdalena Walicka, Edward Franek, Marek Naruszewicz, Mariusz Panczyk, Yaroslav Sanchak, and Agnieszka Filipek. 2020. "Hp1-1 as a Genetic Marker Regulating Inflammation and the Possibility of Developing Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—Cohort Studies" Genes 11, no. 11: 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11111253