Nano-Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy: Immunology Encounters Nanotechnology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nano-Enhancing Generalized Immune-Boosting Cancer Therapies
2.1. Cytokines
2.2. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
3. Personalized Anti-Cancer Therapies and Nanotechnology
3.1. Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT) of Lymphocytes
3.2. Patient-Derived Genetically Engineered T Cells (GETs)
3.3. Improving CAR T Cell Therapies by Nanotechnology
3.4. Bi-Specific Engager Antibodies
3.5. Neoantigen-Specific Vaccination
4. Nano-Sensitizing the Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
4.1. Overcoming the Physico-Chemical Barriers of the TME
4.2. Modulating Immune Suppressive Cells
4.2.1. Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)
4.2.2. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
4.2.3. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs)
4.3. Nanoscale Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy (aAPCs)
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACT | adoptive cell transfer |
APC | antigen presenting cell |
aAPC | artificial antigen presenting cell |
AdCAR | adaptor CAR-T cell |
BiTE | bi-specific T cell engager |
CAR | chimeric antigen receptor |
CSF-1R | colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor |
CTLA-4 | cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 |
DAMP | danger-associated molecular pattern |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
GETs | genetically engineered T cells |
HLA | human leukocyte antigen |
ICD | immunogenic cell death |
ICI | immune checkpoint inhibitor |
IL-2 | interleukin-2 |
LDH | lactate dehydrogenase A |
MDA-5 | melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 |
MDSC | myeloid-derived suppressor cell |
NGMS | next generation mutanome sequencing |
PD-1/PD-L1 | programmed cell death protein 1 pathway |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
RNA-LPX | RNA-lipoplex |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
scFv | single-chain variable fragment |
siRNA | small interfering RNA |
TAA | tumor-associated antigen |
TAM | tumor-associated macrophage |
TCR | T cell receptor |
TGF-β1 | transforming growth factor-β1 |
TIL | tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte |
TLR | toll-like receptor |
TME | tumor microenvironment, Treg, regulatory T cell |
TAA | tumor-associated antigen |
UPR | unfolded protein response |
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Bockamp, E.; Rosigkeit, S.; Siegl, D.; Schuppan, D. Nano-Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy: Immunology Encounters Nanotechnology. Cells 2020, 9, 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092102
Bockamp E, Rosigkeit S, Siegl D, Schuppan D. Nano-Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy: Immunology Encounters Nanotechnology. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092102
Chicago/Turabian StyleBockamp, Ernesto, Sebastian Rosigkeit, Dominik Siegl, and Detlef Schuppan. 2020. "Nano-Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy: Immunology Encounters Nanotechnology" Cells 9, no. 9: 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092102