Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nucleic Acid-Based Strategies to Induce Adaptive Anti-Tumor Responses
2.1. Clinical Trials Using Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines for Tumor Therapy
2.1.1. pDNA Vaccines
2.1.2. mRNA Vaccines
2.2. Optimization Strategies for Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines
2.2.1. Antigen
2.2.2. Adjuvant
2.2.3. Inhibition of Regulatory Proteins in APC
2.2.4. Structural Optimization of pDNA Vaccines
Expression Units
Size Reduction
Nuclear Transfer
Transcriptional Regulation
2.2.5. NPs for APC-Focused Delivery of Nucleic Acids
NP Size and Surface Characteristics Affecting Biodistribution
NP Types Suitable for APC Transfection
Administration Routes
Targeting of APC
3. Inhibition of Regulatory Immune Cells
3.1. Inhibition of Treg by RNA Interference
3.2. Strategies for MDSC Reprograming and Depletion
3.3. Inhibition of Treg and MDSC by Tumor-Directed Approaches
4. Generation of T Cells and NK Cells Expressing CARs for Tumor Therapy
5. Manipulating the TME Using Therapeutic Nucleic Acids
5.1. Modulation of Intratumoral Signaling by Nucleic Acids
5.2. Nucleic Acid-Mediated Immune Checkpoint Inhibition and T Cell Stimulation
5.3. Multi-Faceted Combat of Cancer by Oncolytic Virotherapy
5.4. Nucleic Acid-Based TLR Agonists to Boost Anti-Tumor Immune Response
5.5. Tumor Suppression by RNA Interference
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Signaling Molecule | Therapy Strategy | Application Route | Treated Cancer | Clinical State | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-2 | Syngeneic tumor cell vaccine modified with IL-2 gene ex vivo | Intradermal or subcutaneous injection | Metastatic melanoma | Phase I | [319] |
Allogeneic tumor cell vaccine modified with IL-2 gene ex vivo | Subcutaneous injection | Metastatic melanoma | Pilot study | [320] | |
Phase I–II | [321] | ||||
Allogeneic tumor cell vaccine modified with IL-2 gene ex vivo | Subcutaneous injection | Relapsed neuroblastoma | Phase I | [322] | |
TNF-α | TNFerade, a replication-deficient adenoviral vector encoding for TNF-α under the control of a radiation inducible promotor (erg-1 gene promotor) | Intratumoral injection | Various cancer types, e.g., advanced pancreatic cancer | Phase III | [323,324] |
IL-12 | Ad–RTS–hIL-12, an adenoviral vector encoding for IL-12 transgene designed with a ligand-inducible expression switch | Injection in the resection cavity | Recurrent high-grade glioma | Phase I | [325] |
GM-CSF | GVAX, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine modified with GM-CSF gene ex vivo,(in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and/or cyclophosphamide and Listeria monocytogenes-expressing mesothelin (CRS-207)) | Intradermal injection | Advanced pancreatic cancer | Phase Ib | [326] |
Phase II | [327] | ||||
Phase IIb | [328] | ||||
Phase II | [329] | ||||
IFN-α | Instiladrin® (rAdIFNα2b/Syn3), an IFN-α encoding adenoviral vector | Intravesical injection | BCG unresponsive bladder cancer | Phase III—results pending (NCT02773849) | [330] |
TGF-β (inhibition) | Belagenpneumatucel-L, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine altered to express ASO directed against TGF-β | Intradermal injection | Advanced non-small cell lung cancer | Phase II | [331,332] |
Phase III | [333] |
Oncolytic Virus | Genetic Modification | Treated Cancer | Clinical State | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wild-Type Virus | ||||
RIGVIR® (wild-type ECHO-7; (+)ssRNA virus) | – | Melanoma | Approved in Lativa in 2004 | [471] |
Reolysin® (pelareorep, type 3 Dearing (T3D) strain reovirus; dsRNA virus) | – | Many advanced malignancies (e.g., melanoma, sarcomas, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma) | Phase I and II | [457,472,473] |
Advanced, metastatic head and neck cancer | Phase III | [472] | ||
Oncolytic Adenovirus (dsDNA virus) | ||||
Oncorine® (rAdV H101) | Deletion in E1B-55K and E3 genes | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Approved in China in 2005 | [474,475] |
CG0070 (AdV-5) | Deletion in E3 gene; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer | Phase II/III (BOND, NCT01438112); phase II (BOND2, NCT02365818) | [456,476] |
Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus, HSV-1 (dsDNA virus) | ||||
T-Vec (talminogene laherparepvec) | Deletion in ICP34.5 and ICP47 genes; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Advanced melanoma | Approved by FDA and EMA in 2015 | [477,478] |
M032 | Deletion in ICP34.5 gene; insertion of IL-12 gene | Glioblastoma multiforme | Phase I | [479] |
G47Δ | Deletion in ICP34.5, ICP47 and ICP6 genes; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Recurrent glioblastoma, castration resistant prostate cancer, recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma | Clinical trials in Japan | [456,480,481] |
Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus (dsDNA virus) | ||||
Pexa-Vec (JX-594, pexastimogene devacirepvec) | Mutation in TK gene; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma | Phase III (in combination with sorafenib) | [482] |
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Hager, S.; Fittler, F.J.; Wagner, E.; Bros, M. Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020, 9, 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092061
Hager S, Fittler FJ, Wagner E, Bros M. Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092061
Chicago/Turabian StyleHager, Simone, Frederic Julien Fittler, Ernst Wagner, and Matthias Bros. 2020. "Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy" Cells 9, no. 9: 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092061