Metabolic Potential of Cancer Cells in Context of the Metastatic Cascade
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cancer Cells Acquire Specific Traits That Govern Metastatic Progression
3. Constraints in the Tumour Microenvironment Determine Metabolic Adaptations and Tumour Progression along the Metastatic Cascade
3.1. Changing Oxygen and ROS Levels Shape the Cancer Phenotype Along the Metastatic Cascade
3.2. The Availability of Nutrients Selects for the Most Metabolically Resilient Cancer Cells
4. Metabolic Flexibility Permits Adaptation to Changing Microenvironments
4.1. One-Carbon Metabolism has Implication in Biosynthesis, Bioenergetics and RedOx Control
4.1.1. Relevance of 1C Metabolism in Biosynthesis
4.1.2. Relevance of 1C Metabolism in Bioenergetics
4.1.3. Relevance of 1C Metabolism in RedOx
4.1.4. Systemic and Organ-Specific Aspects of 1C Metabolism
5. Concluding Remarks: Differential Carbon Distribution Allows Cells to Survive the Metastatic Cascade
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substrate | Pathway | C | RXNs | Products | ATP | NADH | FADH2 | Total ATP | ATP/RXN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | Glycolysis | 6 | 17 | 2 Lactate | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.12 |
Glucose | Glycolysis TCA cycle | 6 | 35 | 6 CO2 | 4 | 10 | 2 | 30 or 32 * | 0.86 or 0.91 |
Serine | Mitochondrial 1C Cycle | 3 | 4 | 1 Gly, 1 HCOO- | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3.5 | 0.88 |
Palmitate | FAO TCA cycle | 16 | 101 | 16 CO2 | 6 | 31 | 15 | 106 | 1.05 |
Glutamine | TCA Cycle ME2 | 5 | 7 | Pyruvate, 2 CO2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7.5 | 1.1 |
Substrate | Macromolecule | C | RXNs | Products | ATP | NADH | NADPH | Total ATP | NADH/Product |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | Nucleotides | 6 | 15 | 2 serine | −1 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 2 |
Glucose (via ACLY) | FA | 6 | 21 | 2 Acetyl-CoA 2 CO2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 2 |
Glucose | Amino Acids | 6 | 17 | 2 Alanine | 2 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
Glucose | Ribose Sugar | 6 | 5 | Ribose 5-phosphate, CO2 | −1 | 0 | 2 | −1 | 0 |
2 Serine | Purines | 6 | 10 | 2 10-formyl-THF, 2 Gly | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
Serine | dTTP | 3 | 7 | 5,10-CH2-THF, Gly | 0 | 1 | −1 | 2.5 | 1 |
Glutamine (reductive route) | FA | 5 | 6 | Acetyl-CoA, Oxaloacetate | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
Substrate | Pathway | C | RXNs | Products | ATP | NADPH | FADH2 | Total ATP | NADPH/RXN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | Oxidative & Reductive PPP | 6 | 49 | 6 CO2 | −1 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0.24 |
Serine | 1C Cycle | 3 | 4 | Gly, CO2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
Palmitate | Potential Action of NNT | 16 | 101 | 16 CO2 | 6 | 31 | 15 | 28.5 | 0.31 |
Glutamine | TCA Cycle, ME1 | 5 | 8 | Lactate, 2 CO2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2.5 | 0.25 |
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Benzarti, M.; Delbrouck, C.; Neises, L.; Kiweler, N.; Meiser, J. Metabolic Potential of Cancer Cells in Context of the Metastatic Cascade. Cells 2020, 9, 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092035
Benzarti M, Delbrouck C, Neises L, Kiweler N, Meiser J. Metabolic Potential of Cancer Cells in Context of the Metastatic Cascade. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092035
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenzarti, Mohaned, Catherine Delbrouck, Laura Neises, Nicole Kiweler, and Johannes Meiser. 2020. "Metabolic Potential of Cancer Cells in Context of the Metastatic Cascade" Cells 9, no. 9: 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092035
APA StyleBenzarti, M., Delbrouck, C., Neises, L., Kiweler, N., & Meiser, J. (2020). Metabolic Potential of Cancer Cells in Context of the Metastatic Cascade. Cells, 9(9), 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092035