Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Toxicity of Specific Uremic Solutes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.2. Uremic Solutes
2. Effects of UTs on Endothelial and Endothelial Progenitor Cells
2.1. Alteration in Mitogenic Signaling in Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells
2.2. Alteration of the Procoagulant Function of Endothelial Cells
2.3. Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis
2.4. Endothelial Cells and the Permeability Barrier
3. Effects of UTs on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
3.1. Effects of Uremic Toxins on Mitogenic Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
3.2. Effect of Uremic Toxins on Neointimal Hyperplasia and Calcification
3.3. Prothrombotic Effects of Specific Uremic Toxins
4. Effect of Uremic Toxins on Cardiomyocytes
5. The Effects of Uremic Toxins on Monocytes/Macrophages, Polymorphonuclear Cells and Platelets
5.1. The Influence of Uremic Toxins on Macrophages and Monocytes
5.2. Effect of Uremic Toxins on Platelets
6. Uremic Toxin-Induced Microparticles and Cardiovascular Disease
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ravid, J.D.; Chitalia, V.C. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Toxicity of Specific Uremic Solutes. Cells 2020, 9, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092024
Ravid JD, Chitalia VC. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Toxicity of Specific Uremic Solutes. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092024
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavid, Jonathan D., and Vipul C. Chitalia. 2020. "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Toxicity of Specific Uremic Solutes" Cells 9, no. 9: 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092024