Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases

Effendi, Wiwin Is; Nagano, Tatsuya; Kobayashi, Kazuyuki; Nishimura, Yoshihiro

doi:10.3390/cells9030785

Open AccessReview

Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases

¹

Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan

²

Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Cells 2020, 9(3), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030785

Submission received: 20 February 2020 / Revised: 21 March 2020 / Accepted: 23 March 2020 / Published: 24 March 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adenosine Receptors: From Cell Biology to Human Diseases)

Download

Browse Figures

Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine receptors, described as A₁AR, A_2AAR, A_2BAR, and A₃AR, which are the center of cAMP signal pathway-based drug development. Several types of agonists, partial agonists or antagonists, and allosteric substances have been synthesized from these receptors as new therapeutic drug candidates. Research efforts surrounding A₁AR and A_2AAR are perhaps the most enticing because of their concentration and affinity; however, as a consequence of distressing conditions, both A_2BAR and A₃AR levels might accumulate. This review focuses on the biological features of each adenosine receptor as the basis of ligand production and describes clinical studies of adenosine receptor-associated pharmaceuticals in human diseases.

Keywords: adenosine; adenosine receptors; G protein-coupled receptors; agonists; antagonists; allosteric molecules

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Effendi, W.I.; Nagano, T.; Kobayashi, K.; Nishimura, Y. Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases. Cells 2020, 9, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030785

AMA Style

Effendi WI, Nagano T, Kobayashi K, Nishimura Y. Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases. Cells. 2020; 9(3):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030785

Chicago/Turabian Style

Effendi, Wiwin Is, Tatsuya Nagano, Kazuyuki Kobayashi, and Yoshihiro Nishimura. 2020. "Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases" Cells 9, no. 3: 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030785

APA Style

Effendi, W. I., Nagano, T., Kobayashi, K., & Nishimura, Y. (2020). Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases. Cells, 9(3), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030785

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu

Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI