Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Stem Cells in Normal and Tumor Bladder Tissues
3. Roles of CSC Markers in BC Progression and Tumorigenicity
3.1. Role of CD44
3.2. Role of ALDH1A1
3.3. Role of SRY-Related HMG-Box4 (SOX4)
3.4. Role of YAP1
3.5. Role of OCT4
4. Stemness Variance between NMIBC and MIBC
5. Differences of BC Stemness between Males and Females
6. Regulatory Pathways of Bladder CSCs
6.1. Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
6.2. Notch Signaling Pathway
6.3. TGF-β Pathway
6.4. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
6.5. PI3K/Akt Pathway
6.6. Other Signaling Pathways
7. Experimental Culture Models of Bladder CSCs
8. Potential Therapeutic Targets for Bladder CSCs
8.1. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
8.2. Heat Shock Protein (HSP)90 Inhibitors
8.3. Telomerase (TL) Inhibitors
8.4. Blockade of CD47
8.5. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1
9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives on Bladder CSC Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abugomaa, A.; Elbadawy, M.; Yamawaki, H.; Usui, T.; Sasaki, K. Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer. Cells 2020, 9, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010235
Abugomaa A, Elbadawy M, Yamawaki H, Usui T, Sasaki K. Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer. Cells. 2020; 9(1):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010235
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbugomaa, Amira, Mohamed Elbadawy, Hideyuki Yamawaki, Tatsuya Usui, and Kazuaki Sasaki. 2020. "Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer" Cells 9, no. 1: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010235
APA StyleAbugomaa, A., Elbadawy, M., Yamawaki, H., Usui, T., & Sasaki, K. (2020). Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer. Cells, 9(1), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010235