Next Article in Journal
mTOR-Dependent Stimulation of IL20RA Orchestrates Immune Cell Trafficking through Lymphatic Endothelium in Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Next Article in Special Issue
Understanding the Modus Operandi of MicroRNA Regulatory Clusters
Previous Article in Journal
Interplay between Intrinsic and Innate Immunity during HIV Infection
Previous Article in Special Issue
MicroRNAs in Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cells
Volume 8
Issue 8
10.3390/cells8080923
cells-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

miR-263b Controls Circadian Behavior and the Structural Plasticity of Pacemaker Neurons by Regulating the LIM-Only Protein Beadex

by
Xiaoge Nian
1,2,
Wenfeng Chen
2,3,
Weiwei Bai
1,
Zhangwu Zhao
1,* and
Yong Zhang
2,*
1
Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2
Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
3
Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2019, 8(8), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080923
Submission received: 14 July 2019 / Revised: 9 August 2019 / Accepted: 14 August 2019 / Published: 18 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Collection Regulatory Functions of microRNAs)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Circadian clocks drive rhythmic physiology and behavior to allow adaption to daily environmental changes. In Drosophila, the small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) are primary pacemakers that control circadian rhythms. Circadian changes are observed in the dorsal axonal projections of the sLNvs, but their physiological importance and the underlying mechanism are unclear. Here, we identified miR-263b as an important regulator of circadian rhythms and structural plasticity of sLNvs in Drosophila. Depletion of miR-263b (miR-263bKO) in flies dramatically impaired locomotor rhythms under constant darkness. Indeed, miR-263b is required for the structural plasticity of sLNvs. miR-263b regulates circadian rhythms through inhibition of expression of the LIM-only protein Beadex (Bx). Consistently, overexpression of Bx or loss-of-function mutation (BxhdpR26) phenocopied miR-263bKO and miR-263b overexpression in behavior and molecular characteristics. In addition, mutating the miR-263b binding sites in the Bx 3′ UTR using CRISPR/Cas9 recapitulated the circadian phenotypes of miR-263bKO flies. Together, these results establish miR-263b as an important regulator of circadian locomotor behavior and structural plasticity.

1. Introduction

Circadian clocks are intracellular pacemakers that generate approximately 24-h rhythms of behavior and physiology in most organisms. In animals, the core circadian oscillator consists of a conserved autoregulatory transcriptional–translational negative feedback loop [1,2,3]. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, serves as a great model in dissecting the molecular and neuronal mechanisms of circadian clocks [2,3,4]. In Drosophila, transcription factors CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC) activate the rhythmic transcription of clock-controlled genes. Among these genes, PERIOD (PER) is a key repressor in the core circadian negative feedback loop that inhibits CLK/CYC activity and represses per transcription. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination also play important roles in setting the pace of circadian clock [2,5,6,7,8,9].
Circadian locomotor rhythms of flies are generated by a neuronal network consisting of about 150 brain circadian neurons [4,10,11,12]. Based on their relative location and function, these circadian neurons are divided into several clusters: three groups of ventral lateral neurons (LNvs), three groups of dorsal neurons (DN1s, DN2s, and DN3s), dorsal lateral neurons (LNds), and lateral posterior neurons (LPNs). The large LNvs (lLNvs) and four of the small LNvs (sLNvs) express the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF), whereas the fifth sLNv is PDF-negative [12]. Under regular 12-h:12-h light–dark (LD) conditions at 25 °C, flies exhibit bimodal locomotor activity rhythms, peaking around dawn and dusk. PDF-positive sLNvs are responsible for promoting the morning peak before daylight, and the fifth sLNv and the LNds are mainly responsible for generating the evening activity [13,14]. DN1s can integrate light and temperature inputs to generate either morning or evening activity; DN1s also promote sleep [15,16]. A recent study indicated that the activity of DN1s is acutely modulated by temperature; thus, DN1s sense temperature to regulate sleep [17]. On the other hand, DN2s play important roles in the temperature preference of circadian rhythm [18].
The organization of the circadian neuronal network is similar in flies and mammals. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the mammalian primary circadian pacemaker, which synchronizes other neurons and generates circadian locomotor rhythms [19,20]. As important pacemaker neurons in flies, the PDF-positive sLNvs communicate with other circadian neurons, thus enabling flies to maintain robust circadian locomotor rhythms in constant conditions [21]. Elimination of sLNvs or mutation of Pdf or its receptor causes flies to be largely arrhythmic, and shortens the circadian period in the rhythmic flies [21,22]. The PDF-positive sLNvs also send axonal projections toward the dorsal protocerebrum of the fly brain, where DN1s and DN2s are located [23,24]. PDF immunoreactivity in the dorsal axonal terminal of sLNvs has a clearly circadian pattern with high intensity during the daytime and low intensity at nighttime [25]. The sLNvs dorsal projections also show arborization rhythms with higher complexity of axon terminals found in the early day and lower complexity at night [26]. This structural plasticity of the sLNv dorsal projections is controlled by both circadian- and activity-dependent mechanisms [27,28]. The molecular mechanisms underlying this plasticity of sLNv are poorly understood, however. The transcription factor Mef2 was found to control circadian plasticity of sLNvs through regulation of the cell adhesion molecule Fas2 [28]. In addition, two matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, and MMP2) were also shown to be required for the structural remodeling control of sLNv projections [29]. Rhythmic Rho1 activity was identified to regulate the sLNvs neuronal plasticity [30]. Recently, the circadian protein VRILLE was found to control sLNv arborization rhythms through unknown mechanisms [31].
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally [32]. miRNAs repress expression of their target genes through messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation and/or translation inhibition. Emerging evidence shows that miRNAs are involved in many important physiological and pathological conditions, such as cardiac and pulmonary diseases and even cancer [33,34,35]. Recent studies uncovered critical roles of miRNAs in the regulation of different aspects of circadian rhythms [36,37]. In mouse, miR-132/212 modulates circadian entrainment to day length, thus influencing seasonal adaptation, while miR-219 and miR-24 affect circadian period length [38,39]. In Drosophila, overexpression of the miRNA bantam lengthens circadian locomotor period by repressing Clk, while pacemaker genes timeless and clockwork orange are targets of miR-276a and let-7, respectively [40,41,42]. miRNAs also play important roles in circadian output pathways. We showed previously that the disruption of general miRNA functions resulting from depletion of GW182, a key protein for miRNA-mediated gene silencing, affects circadian rhythms by interfering with PDF-receptor signaling [43]. In addition, the miR-279 and miR959-964 cluster miRNAs modulate circadian locomotor behavior output and circadian timing of feeding and immune responses [44,45]. In addition to us, others also demonstrated that miR-124 controls the phase of circadian locomotor activity [46,47].
Here, we show that a conserved miRNA, miR-263b, is an important regulator of circadian rhythms in Drosophila. miR-263b regulates circadian locomotor behavior by affecting the structural plasticity of sLNvs through inhibition of Beadex (Bx) expression.

2. Results

2.1. miR-263b Regulates Circadian Behavior

To identify miRNAs that regulate circadian rhythms, we performed a screen for all of the available miRNA mutants in the Drosophila stock center [48]. miR-263b is among the miRNAs that exhibit strong circadian phenotypes. It was observed that miR-263b has circadian oscillations by microarray [49]; thus, we decided to focus on miR-263b. We firstly used miRNA quantitative real-time PCR to confirm the oscillation of miR-263b. We found that the expression of miR-263b is rhythmic in fly heads, consistent with previous data that were published (Figure 1A [49]). Importantly, the oscillation of miR-263b was abolished in the ClkJrk mutant, confirming that the expression of miR-263b is under circadian control (Figure 1A).
To examine the circadian role of miR-263b, we analyzed the miR-263b knockout (miR-263bKO) flies [50]. In constant darkness (DD) condition, flies lacking miR-263b displayed a severely disrupted circadian locomotor rhythm (Table 1). In contrast to the wild-type flies, more than 60% of the miR-263bKO flies became arrhythmic (Figure 1B). Moreover, the amplitude of behavioral rhythms was clearly reduced even in rhythmic miR-263bKO flies (Figure 1C). Because of the high percentage of arrhythmia of the miR-263bKO flies in DD, we examined the locomotor activity under light–dark cycles (LD). Under LD, wild-type flies gradually increase their activity before light on, an anticipatory behavior controlled by the clock. In miR-263bKO flies, however, the morning anticipation was abolished (Figure 1D,E).
To confirm that the disruption of circadian rhythms is caused by depletion of miR-263b, we utilized a Gal4 knock-in replacement (Δ263b-Gal4 [50]). Δ263b-Gal4/miR-263bKO flies showed similar circadian behavior phenotypes as miR-263bKO flies (Figure 1B–D and Table 1). Next, we aimed to rescue the circadian rhythm defects of miR-263bKO by expressing miR-263b using Δ263b-Gal4. Overexpression of miR-263b by Δ263b-Gal4 resulted in a ~9-fold increase of miR-263b abundance (Figure S1, Supplementary Materials). We observed a partial but significant rescue of rhythmicity of the circadian locomotor behavior (Figure 1B). However, overexpression of miR-263b in wild-type flies also disrupted circadian locomotor activity rhythms in DD, and reduced morning anticipation (Figure 1B–E). Notably, the free-running period was not significantly altered in the flies in which miR-263b levels were abnormal (Figure 1F and Table 1).
To study the temporal requirement of miR-263b, we used a conditional temperature-sensitive tubulin-Gal80ts repressive transgene coupled with the Δ263b-Gal4 driver to overexpress miR-263b at different developmental stages. Adulthood specific expression of miR-263b caused ~50% of the flies to be arrhythmic (Figure S2, Supplementary Materials). By contrast, flies with overexpression of miR-263b during development exhibited slightly reduced rhythmicity, which was not significantly different from the UAS-263b control (Figure S2, Supplementary Materials). Together, these data indicate that miR-263b is predominantly required at adulthood for circadian locomotor rhythms.

2.2. miR-263b Is Required for the Circadian Structural Plasticity of sLNvs Axonal Projections

To examine whether the impaired circadian locomotor rhythmicity in miR-263bKO flies is due to a defect in the molecular pacemaker or in the circadian output pathway, we examined the oscillation of the key pacemaker protein PER in DD in three important groups of circadian neurons: sLNvs, LNds, and DN1s. We found no obvious changes in PER abundances or oscillation in these neurons known to control locomotor behavior (Figure S3, Supplementary Materials), suggesting that miR-263b may regulate circadian behavior by modulating the output pathway.
Circadian structural remodeling of sLNvs dorsal projections was observed [26]. To test the hypothesis that miR-263b controls the circadian plasticity of PDF-positive projections, we examined the termini of sLNv dorsal projections in miR-263KO flies with a PDF-specific antibody at early day (Zeitgeber time 2 (ZT2), ZT0 is light on and ZT12 is light off) and early night (ZT14). Consistent with previous reports, we found that the wild-type flies had more branches of axon terminals at ZT2 than ZT14 (Figure 2A–C). The axonal crosses were quantified with Sholl’s analysis to assay the interactions between axon branches and concentric circles (see Methods [28]). Remarkably, this structural plasticity was abolished in the miR-263bKO flies due to a significant decrease of axonal crosses at ZT2 compared to control w1118 flies (Figure 2A–C). Interestingly, overexpression of miR-263b caused similar defects in PDF axonal projections (Figure 2A–C). These data indicate that the proper level of miR-263b is required for the circadian structural plasticity of sLNv dorsal projections. It was reported that the structural plasticity of sLNvs is both under circadian regulation and activity-dependent [26,28,51]. To further confirm that miR-263b affects the circadian structural plasticity of sLNvs, we dissected fly brains in DD. In wild-type flies, we observed more axonal branches at circadian time 2 (CT2) in the subjective morning and fewer branches in the subjective night (CT14) (Figure 2D,E). Similar to the results in LD, the rhythmic change in structural plasticity was abolished in the miR-263bKO flies and in flies with overexpression of miR-263b in DD (Figure 2D,E). To test whether sLNv dorsal projections were present in the absence of miR-263b, a membrane-tethered GFP (mCD8::GFP) was used to mark the PDF projections under the control of a Pdf-specific promoter. As observed by PDF staining, this marker revealed that the dorsal axonal branches of sLNvs were dramatically reduced (Figure 2F,G). Furthermore, no significant changes of PDF levels were detected in the sLNvs soma, indicating that the decrease of axonal branches was not due to the decrease of PDF staining (Figure S4, Supplementary Materials). To test whether miR-263b can drive changes of sLNv axonal projections acutely, we used the temperature-sensitive Gal80ts to temporally induce miR-263b overexpression at ZT18, and dissected the relative fly brains at ZT2 next day (6 h after induction). Compared to the Gal4 control, overexpression of miR-263b for 6 h significantly reduced the structural plasticity of sLNvs (Figure S5, Supplementary Materials), which indicates the acute function of miR-263b.
sLNv axonal complexity is modified in response to electrical activity, and adult-specific activation of sLNvs results in increased complexity [27]. Thus, we examined whether this activity-dependent structural plasticity requires miR-263b. We took advantage of the temperature-gated TrpA1 channel to increase the neuronal activity of sLNvs [52]. Increasing the environment temperature to 30 °C for 2 h beginning at ZT12 specifically activated sLNvs and caused defasciculation of sLNv dorsal termini at ZT14 in flies expressing TrpA1 (Figure 3A,B). Activation of sLNvs by temperature treatment also increased the dorsal projection complexity (Figure 3B,C). Effects were dependent on TrpA1 expression and were similar in all genotypes, including miR-263bKO. Together, these results indicate that miR-263b is required for the circadian structural plasticity but dispensable for the activity-dependent rhythms in sLNv dorsal projections.

2.3. miR-263b Is Required in the PDF-Positive sLNvs for Circadian Behavior

Since miR-263b regulates the structural plasticity of sLNv neurons, we wondered whether miR-263b is required in the sLNvs for the circadian behavior. Pdf-Gal4 was used to express miR-263b in the miR-263b mutants. As we expected, restoration of miR-263b in sLNv neurons by Pdf-Gal4 significantly increased the rhythmicity of miR-263b mutants (Figure 4A). Indeed, the rhythmicity in the rescue was insignificant from the controls (Figure 4A). The power of rhythms and the morning anticipation in miR-263b mutants were also restored (Figure 4B–E). Furthermore, not only the circadian locomotor rhythm, but also the expression of miR-263b in the PDF-positive cells increased the axonal crossings at ZT2, thereby rescuing the defects of structural plasticity in miR-263b mutants (Figure 4F,G). Taken together, our results indicate that miR-263b is necessary in the PDF-positive sLNvs for circadian behavior and structural plasticity.

2.4. Bx Regulates Circadian Rhythms, and Its Expression Is Suppressed by miR-263b

Next, we used an in silico prediction algorithm to identify putative miR-263b targets by using the annotated Drosophila genome (http://www.targetscan.org/fly_12/). Among the approximate 400 potential targets predicted, Beadex (Bx), which encodes a LIM-only protein, was one of the top 16 candidates, based on the potential binding affinity. In addition, target prediction indicated that the Bx 3′ UTR has two putative miR-263b binding sites, which are highly conserved across Drosophila species (Figure S6, Supplementary Materials). Since disrupted circadian rhythms were previously reported in flies with Bx mutations [53], we decided to focus on Bx.
To test whether miR-263b directly binds to the Bx 3′ UTR and inhibits its expression, the Bx 3′ UTR was fused downstream of a luciferase reporter and transfected into S2 cells. Luciferase activity was significantly suppressed when miR-263b was co-transfected with the reporter. In contrast, the luciferase activity was observed in the presence of miR-263b when the putative miR-263b binding sites within the Bx 3′ UTR were mutated (Figure 5A). Next, we determined whether Bx is expressed in the sLNvs by labeling Bx-expressing neurons (UAS-mCD8::GFP/+; Bx-Gal4/+) with GFP and immunolabeling with anti-PDF antibody. Results showed that Bx was broadly expressed in the fly brain. Interestingly, strong GFP signals in PDF-positive sLNv and lLNv neurons were clearly observed (Figure 5B). Encouraged by these data, we further tested whether Bx abundance is suppressed by miR-263b in fly brain. We tested whether miR-263b regulates Bx levels by expressing an enhanced GFP (EGFP) reporter fused to the wild-type Bx 3′ UTR or 3′ UTR with miR-263b binding sites mutated (same construct as Figure 5A). We used a site-specific integration approach to insert the Bx-3′ UTR wild-type and mutant constructs in the same chromosomal location and made transgenic fly lines. We expressed these two reporters using the Bx-Gal4 line that we used for staining. Strikingly, we found that the expression of EGFP under the control of the wild-type Bx 3′ UTR was significantly lower than the mutant 3′ UTR in both sLNvs and lLNvs. Furthermore, the differences in EGFP expression between wild-type and mutant Bx 3′ UTR were abolished under miR-263bKO background (Figure 5C,D). Thus, our S2 cell and imaging results suggest that Bx is a direct target of miR-263b and is negatively regulated by miR-263b.
miRNAs are normally negative regulators of gene expression; since we observed elevated level of Bx in miR-263bKO, we reasoned that overexpression of Bx should mimic miR-263bKO. As expected, overexpression of Bx using Δ263b-Gal4 caused approximately 75% arrhythmicity in DD, which phenocopied the miR-263bKO (Figure 5E–I and Table 1). In addition, consistent with miR-263b overexpression, Bx loss-of-function mutation (BxhdpR26) exhibited significant reduction of circadian rhythmicity, amplitude of rhythms, and morning anticipation (Figure 5E–I). To determine the temporal requirement of Bx, we overexpressed Bx during developmental stages or adulthood. Adult-specific overexpression of Bx caused ~40% of flies to be arrhythmic, while only a slight and insignificant reduction of rhythms compared to control were observed in overexpression during development (Figure S7, Supplementary Materials). Taken together, these results demonstrate that Bx is required for robust circadian locomotor rhythms and is a potential target of miR-263b.

2.5. Bx Regulates the Arborization Rhythms of sLNv Dorsal Projections

If miR-263b regulates circadian rhythms by downregulating Bx expression, BxhdpR26 mutant should phenocopy the circadian structural plasticity defects in miR-263b overexpression. We, therefore, examined the dorsal axonal projections of sLNvs in BxhdpR26 flies. As expected, PDF projections were maintained in the fasciculated state during the day, as well as the night, in BxhdpR26 flies. At ZT2, BxhdpR26 showed reduced maximal axonal crosses relative to those in control flies that were not significantly different from those observed at ZT14 (Figure 6A–C). Interestingly, when Bx was overexpressed in miR-263b-expressing cells, results were similar to those in the miR-263bKO flies (Figure 6A–C). The rhythmic change in structural plasticity was abolished in BxhdpR26 or Bx overexpression flies in DD (Figure 6D,E). These results support our hypothesis that miR-263b regulates the fasciculation–defasciculation state of the PDF termini via effects on Bx expression. In addition, activation of PDF cells with TrpA1 in BxhdpR26 background resulted in defasciculated sLNv dorsal termini at ZT14 (Figure 6F,G).

2.6. miR-263b Binding Sites in the Bx 3′ UTR Are Essential for Circadian Function of Bx

To further confirm that Bx is a direct miR-263b target, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to mutate the potential miR-263b binding sites within the Bx 3′ UTR in flies. It was shown that substitution of one nucleotide in the seed sequence (positions 2–7) is sufficient to reduce miRNA binding to the target mRNA [54]. We recovered two fly lines (Bx*1 and Bx*2) with mutations in the miR-263b binding sites (Figure 7A). While Bx*1 had a T-to-G point mutation in the seed sequences of one of the two miR-263b binding sites in the Bx 3′ UTR, Bx*2 had mutations in both sites. There were also several base changes near the seed sequence that differed in Bx*1 and Bx*2 (Figure 7A). We predicted that, if miR-263b suppresses Bx abundance through the binding sites in the 3′ UTR, Bx*1 and Bx*2 mutants should phenocopy miR-263bKO. As expected, both Bx*1 and Bx*2 mutants showed significantly impaired locomotor activity rhythms and reduced power of rhythms (Figure 7B–E). The morning anticipation was also dramatically reduced or abolished, especially in the Bx*2 mutants (Figure 7B–F). Furthermore, similar to the miR-263bKO flies, Bx*2 mutants also had fasciculated sLNv projections and significantly decreased numbers of axonal crosses at ZT2 (Figure 7G–H). As flies with disrupted miR-263b binding sites within Bx 3′ UTR show anatomical and behavioral phenotypes similar to those seen in miR-263bKO flies, we conclude that miR-263b regulates circadian rhythm by directly inhibiting Bx expression.

3. Discussion

As critical post-transcriptional regulators, functions of miRNAs in circadian rhythms are only just being uncovered. Here, we demonstrated that miR-263b is critical for circadian locomotor rhythms and axonal structural plasticity of pacemaker neurons. miR-263b modulates circadian rhythms via repression of Bx. Alterations in levels of miR-263b or Bx led to behavior arrhythmia and defects of arborization rhythm in sLNvs.
Even though the seed sequences are different, miR-263a and miR-263b were previously reported to have overlapping function, inhibiting apoptosis in nascent sense organs [44]. In this study, we also tested whether miR-263a controls circadian rhythm through regulating Bx. Similar to miR-263b, miR-263a mutants exhibited decrease of circadian rhythmicity (Table 1), indicating a potential circadian function for miR-263a. Overexpression of miR-263a by its own Gal4 generated a slightly decreased rhythmicity (Table 1). However, unlike with miR-263b, Bx was not predicted as a target for miR-263a. The in vitro luciferase reporter assay showed no significant repression of miR-263a on Bx 3′ UTR (Figure S8, Supplementary Materials). It is likely that miR-263a uses a different mechanism in the regulation of circadian rhythms.
The mechanisms underlying the structural plasticity of sLNv dorsal projections are poorly understood. This plasticity is controlled by both circadian clock and activity-dependent mechanisms. The arborization rhythm exists even in constant darkness indicating this process is under circadian control. Manipulating the activity of sLNvs can also change the axon plasticity, however. For example, electrically silencing the sLNvs during adulthood can reduce axon complexity [27]. Whether the circadian and activity regulatory mechanisms are independent of each other or interconnected is unknown. Recently, the transcription factor Mef2 was shown to control both circadian- and activity-dependent axonal fasciculation of sLNvs through the neural cell adhesion molecule Fas2 [28]. This indicates that the two mechanisms might be interconnected through Mef2. Here, we showed that miR-263b specifically regulates the circadian structural plasticity by suppressing Bx expression. Interestingly, the activity-dependent axonal changes are intact in miR-263b and Bx mutants. Thus, it is possible that different mechanisms influence circadian regulation and activity-dependent regulation of structural plasticity. However, there is another possibility that miR-263b regulates the firing of sLNvs through Bx, since our activation of sLNvs by TrpA1 bypassed this regulation and rescued the neuronal plasticity.
Consistent with a report by Yang et al. [49], our data indicate that there is a cyclic expression of miR-263b in fly heads and that this expression is under clock control. Whereas the effect of miR-263b on structural plasticity occurred in the early morning, the maximal expression of miR-263b was late in the day and in early evening (Figure 1A). This apparent discrepancy between the expression peak and function peak may be due to the mechanism of miRNA action. Most miRNAs function through translational inhibition or degradation of target mRNAs; thus, it is possible that the peak in protein abundance of miRNA targets is opposite the expression peak of the miRNA. In the future, it will be interesting to see whether Bx has a peak of abundance at early morning that matches its function.
Where does miR-263b function? Evidence suggests that miR-263b regulates Bx expression in the sLNv cell bodies. That Bx is expressed in sLNvs suggests an autonomous mechanism since the miR-263b binding sites are critical. miR-263b is enriched in central nervous neurons [49]. Our rescue experiments suggest that miR-263b is required in the sLNvs for its function in circadian behavior and structural plasticity (Figure 4). However, we cannot exclude non-autonomous contribution of miR-263b from PDF-negative neurons or glial cells. It is possible that miR-263b non-cell-autonomously regulates Bx expression and sLNv activity. A recent study showed that glial inhibition/overexpression of miR-263b disrupted circadian behavior rhythms [55]. Unfortunately, overexpression of miR-263b using Repo-Gal4 in miR-263b mutants caused lethality problems in our hands; thus, we were not able to directly test the requirement of miR-263b with glial specific rescue.
Here, we demonstrated that miR-263b regulates Drosophila circadian locomotor rhythms and axonal structural plasticity of pacemaker neurons. A similar mechanism may exist in mammals. In the SCN, a group of neurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receive retinal light input to synchronize the clock. Interestingly, circadian structural plasticity was found in the glutamatergic synapse on the VIP neurons, which may be important for light entrainment [56]. As a highly conserved miRNA, miR-263b has a homologue in vertebrates: miR-183. Expression of miR-183 is enriched in both retina and the pineal gland [57,58]. Furthermore, in the rat pineal gland, miR-183 is rhythmically expressed with a peak at around ZT12 [57]. This oscillation of miR-183 suggests a potential circadian function. Bx is a Drosophila LIM-only protein. In silico miRNA target prediction with TargetScan identified a highly conserved binding site of miR-183 in the 3′ UTR of Lmo3, a LIM-only protein conserved from rodents to primates [59]. Our results establish miR-263b as an important regulator of circadian locomotor behavior and suggest that a highly conserved miRNA–LIM-only protein pathway regulates circadian rhythms in organisms as diverse as flies and mammals.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Fly Stocks

The following strains were used in this study: w1118, ClkJrk, Pdf-Gal4, UAS-TrpA1, tubulin-Gal80ts, Δ263b-Gal4/TM6B, Δ263a-Gal4/CyO, Bereft24 [50], UAS-Bx and Bx loss-of-function mutation (BxhdpR26) [60]; UAS-mCD8::GFP, Bx-Gal4, Repo-Gal4, UAS-263b, and miR-263bKO (obtained from the Bloomington Stock Center). All flies were raised on standard cornmeal/agar medium at 25 °C under 12-h:12-h LD cycle.

4.2. Behavioral Experiments and Analysis

Adult male flies (2–5 days old) were used to test locomotor activity rhythms. Flies were entrained for four days LD cycle at 25 °C, using about 500 lux light intensities, and then released into constant darkness (DD) at 25 °C for at least five days. Locomotor activity was recorded with a TriKinetics Activity Monitor in an I36-LL Percival Incubator (Percival Sciectific, Iowa, USA). FAAS-X software 1.22 was used to analyze behavioral data [61]. Actograms were generated with a signal-processing toolbox for MATLAB. The morning anticipation amplitude was determined by assaying for the locomotor activity as described [43].

4.3. Whole-Mount Immunohistochemistry and Quantification

Whole-mount immunohistochemistry of fly brains was done as previously described [16]. For PDF staining, adult flies were entrained to LD for four days and dissected at ZT2 or 14. For PER staining, flies were entrained to LD for four days and then released into DD. Brains were dissected on the second day of DD at six time points. Mouse anti-PDF (1:400, DSHB), rabbit anti-GFP (1:600, ThermoFisher A-6455), rabbit anti-PER (1:1500, gift from Dr. R. Stanewsky), mouse anti-HA (1:400, Sigma H3663), and rabbit anti-HA (1:100, Sigma H6908) antibodies were used. All samples were imaged using a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope with a constant laser setting for each time point. In total, 8–10 brains for each genotype were dissected for imaging. ImageJ software [62] was used for GFP, PER, and PDF quantification from at least five brains. For quantification, the average signals of three neighboring background areas were subtracted from the signal intensity in each circadian neuron. Each experiment was conducted three times.

4.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Overall, 30–40 flies were collected at the indicated time points, and heads were isolated on dry ice and stored at −80 °C. Total RNA, including miRNA, was purified with miRcute miRNA isolation kits (TIANGEN). Reverse-transcription and real-time PCR of miR-263b and 2s rRNA were performed with first-stand complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kits and miRcute miRNA qPCR detection kits (SYBR Green) (TIANGEN). For miR-263b the following primer was used: 5′–GCGTTCTCCTTGGCACTGGG. Furthermore, 2s was used for normalization, and the following primer was used: 5′–TGCTTGGACTACATATGGTTGAGGG. Each experiment was conducted three times.

4.5. S2 Cell Luciferase Assay

The full-length 3′ UTR of Bx and about 400 base pairs of coding region of miR-263b were amplified by PCR using primeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (TaKaRa). The Bx 3′ UTR was cloned into a pAc5.1-firefly luciferase-V5-His vector, and the miR-263b coding region was cloned into a pAc5.1-V5-His vector (Invitrogen). The miR-263b seed-targeted sequence in the 3′ UTR of Bx was mutated from GTGCCAA to CTACTCG using site-directed, ligase-independent mutagenesis [48]. We co-transfected 100 ng of pAc-firefly luc-Bx 3′UTR (pAc-firefly luc-Bx 3′UTR mutant), 1 µg of pAc-miR-263b, 1 µg of pAc-miR-263a, and 100 ng of pAc-Renilla luc (transfection control) into S2 cells. Luciferase activity (Dual Luciferase System, Promega, Wisconsin, USA) was measured two days after transfection. Each experiment was conducted three times.

4.6. Analysis of Axonal Morphology by Modified Sholl’s Method

The fly genotypes listed in Table 2 were used to analyze activity-dependent changes in axonal morphology. All TrpA1 flies were raised at 18 °C and entrained in LD cycles at 18 °C for at least three days, then shifted to 30 °C at ZT12. Flies were dissected 2 h later (ZT14) and stained with anti-PDF. Structural plasticity was analyzed as reported [28]. Each experiment was conducted three times.

4.7. Statistics Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistics 17.0. The p-values were obtained with a Student’s t-test and considered not significant (n.s.), or significant at * p < 0.05 and extremely significant at *** p < 0.001.

5. Significance Statement

Circadian rhythms are critical for timing of bodily physiological functions and behavior. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of circadian clocks. Here, we identified the Drosophila miR-263b as a new regulator of circadian behavior. Depletion of miR-263b abolished morning anticipatory behavior and impaired locomotor rhythmicity. In flies, dorsal axonal projections of the important pacemaker neurons (sLNvs) undergo circadian structural changes, but their physiological importance and the underlying mechanism were unclear. Furthermore, we found miR-263b is critical for the structural plasticity of sLNvs. In addition, we identified that miR-263b plays its role through inhibition of the LIM-only protein Beadex. Mutating the miR-263b binding sites in the Beadex 3′ UTR recapitulated the behavior and anatomical phenotypes of flies lacking miR-263b. Our findings reveal that miR-263b regulates circadian rhythms and circadian structural plasticity.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/8/923/s1, Figure S1. miR-263b expression level in relevant flies. Figure S2. miR-263b is required during adulthood, but not development. Figure S3. The molecular pacemaker is not affected in miR-263bKO flies. Figure S4. PDF levels in the sLNvs soma are not significantly changed under LD conditions. Figure S5. miR-263b can drive changes of sLNv axonal projections in short time. Figure S6. Predicted miR-263b binding site conservation in the Bx 3’ UTR among Drosophila species. Figure S7. Bx is required during adulthood, but not during development. Figure S8. miR-263a cannot inhibit the expression of Bx in S2 cells.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.Z. and Y.Z.; Methodology, X.N., W.C., W.B., Z.Z., and Y.Z.; Software, X.N. and W.C..; Validation, X.N., W.C., W.B., Z.Z., and Y.Z.; Formal Analysis, X.N. and W.C.; Investigation, X.N., W.C., and W.B.; Data Curation, W.C. and W.B.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, X.N., W.C., Z.Z., and Y.Z.; Writing-Review & Editing, X.N., Z.Z., and Y.Z.; Supervision, Z.Z. and Y.Z.; Project Administration, X.N.; Funding Acquisition, Z.Z., W.C., and Y.Z.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31572317 and 31730076) to Zhangwu Zhao and the China Scholarship Fund. Wenfeng Chen’s work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31601894), and the Fujian Natural Science Foundation (grant number 2017J0106). Yong Zhang’s lab is supported by the National Institutes of Health COBRE Grant P20 GM103650.

Acknowledgments

We thank Yi Liu and Patrick Emery for carefully reading the manuscript and suggesting improvements. We thank Steve Cohen for the miR-263bKO and Δ263b-Gal4 fly strains and Eric Lai for the Bx mutant and UAS-Bx fly strains. We also thank Ralf Stanewsky for the anti-PER antibodies. We thank the Bloomington stock Center for various fly stocks. We also thank the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for PDF antibodies.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Crane, B.R.; Young, M.W. Interactive features of proteins composing eukaryotic circadian clocks. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2014, 83, 191–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Hardin, P.E.; Panda, S. Circadian timekeeping and output mechanisms in animals. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2013, 23, 724–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Tataroglu, O.; Emery, P. The molecular ticks of the Drosophila circadian clock. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 2015, 7, 51–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Dubowy, C.; Sehgal, A. Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017, 205, 1373–1397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Chiu, J.C.; Ko, H.W.; Edery, I. NEMO/NLK Phosphorylates PERIOD to Initiate a Time-Delay Phosphorylation Circuit that Sets Circadian Clock Speed. Cell 2011, 145, 357–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Grima, B.; Dognon, A.; Lamouroux, A.; Chelot, E.; Rouyer, F. CULLIN-3 Controls TIMELESS Oscillations in the Drosophila Circadian Clock. PLoS Biol. 2012, 10, e10011367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Kim, E.Y.; Jeong, E.H.; Park, S.; Jeong, H.J.; Edery, I.; Cho, J.W. A role for O-GlcNAcylation in setting circadian clock speed. Genes Dev. 2012, 26, 490–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Luo, W.F.; Li, Y.; Tang, C.H.A.; Abruzzi, K.C.; Rodriguez, J.; Pescatore, S.; Roshbash, M. CLOCK deubiquitylation by USP8 inhibits CLK/CYC transcription in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 2012, 26, 2536–2549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Ko, H.W.; Jiang, J.; Edery, I. Role for Slimb in the degradation of Drosophila Period protein phosphorylated by Doubletime. Nature 2002, 420, 673–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Beckwith, E.J.; Ceriani, M.F. Experimental assessment of the network properties of the Drosophila circadian clock. J Comp. Neurol. 2015, 523, 982–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Johard, H.A.D.; Yoishii, T.; Dircksen, H.; Cusumano, P.; Rouyer, F.; Helfrich-Forster, C.; Nassel, D.R. Peptidergic Clock Neurons in Drosophila: Ion Transport Peptide and Short Neuropeptide F in Subsets of Dorsal and Ventral Lateral Neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 516, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Nitabach, M.N.; Taghert, P.H. Organization of the Drosophila circadian control circuit. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18, R84–R93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Grima, B.; Chelot, E.; Xia, R.; Rouyer, F. Morning and evening peaks of activity rely on different clock neurons of the Drosophila brain. Nature 2004, 431, 869–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Stoleru, D.; Peng, Y.; Agosto, J.; Rosbash, M. Coupled oscillators control morning and evening locomotor behaviour of Drosophila. Nature 2004, 431, 862–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Guo, F.; Yu, J.W.; Jung, H.J.; Abruzzi, K.C.; Luo, W.F.; Griffith, L.C.; Rosbash, M. Circadian neuron feedback controls the Drosophila sleep-activity profile. Nature 2016, 536, 292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.X.; Bilodeau-Wentworth, D.; Hardin, P.E.; Emery, P. Light and Temperature Control the Contribution of Specific DN1 Neurons to Drosophila Circadian Behavior. Curr. Biol. 2010, 20, 600–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Yadlapalli, S.; Jiang, C.; Bahle, A.; Reddy, P.; Eyhofer, E.M.; Shafer, O.T. Circadian clock neurons constantly monitor environmental temperature to set sleep timing. Nature 2018, 555, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Kaneko, H.; Head, L.M.; Ling, J.L.; Tang, X.; Liu, Y.L.; Hardin, P.E.; Emery, P.; Hamada, F.N. Circadian Rhythm of Temperature Preference and Its Neural Control in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 2012, 22, 1851–1857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  19. Mohawk, J.A.; Green, C.B.; Takahashi, J.S. Central and Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Mammals. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2012, 35, 445–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  20. Reppert, S.M.; Weaver, D.R. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 2002, 418, 935–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Renn, S.C.P.; Park, J.H.; Rosbash, M.; Hall, J.C.; Taghert, P.H. A pdf neuropeptide gene mutation and ablation of PDF neurons each cause severe abnormalities of behavioral circadian rhythms in Drosophila. Cell 1999, 99, 791–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Mertens, I.; Vandingenen, A.; Johnson, E.C.; Shafer, O.T.; Li, W.; Trigg, J.S.; Loof, A.D.; Schoofs, L.; Taghert, P.H. PDF receptor signaling in Drosophila contributes to both circadian and geotactic behaviors. Neuron 2005, 48, 213–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Helfrichforster, C. The Period Clock Gene Is Expressed in Central-Nervous-System Neurons Which Also Produce a Neuropeptide That Reveals the Projections of Circadian Pacemaker Cells within the Brain of Drosophila-Melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 612–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Helfrichforster, C.; Homberg, U. Pigment-Dispersing Hormone-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Nervous-System of Wild-Type Drosophila-Melanogaster and of Several Mutants with Altered Circadian Rhythmicity. J. Comp. Neurol. 1993, 337, 177–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Park, J.H.; Helfrich-Forster, C.; Lee, G.; Liu, L.; Rosbash, M.; Hall, J.C. Differential regulation of circadian pacemaker output by separate clock genes in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 3608–3613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Fernandez, M.P.; Berni, J.; Ceriani, M.F. Circadian remodeling of neuronal circuits involved in rhythmic behavior. PLoS Biol. 2008, 6, 518–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Depetris-Chauvin, A.; Berni, J.; Aranovich, E.J.; Muraro, N.I.; Beckwith, E.J.; Ceriani, M.F. Adult-Specific Electrical Silencing of Pacemaker Neurons Uncouples Molecular Clock from Circadian Outputs. Curr. Biol. 2011, 21, 1783–1793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  28. Sivachenko, A.; Li, Y.; Abruzzi, K.C.; Rosbash, M. The Transcription Factor Mef2 Links the Drosophila Core Clock to Fas2, Neuronal Morphology, and Circadian Behavior. Neuron 2013, 79, 281–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  29. Depetris-Chauvin, A.; Fernandez-Gamba, A.; Gorostiza, E.A.; Herrero, A.; Castano, E.M.; Ceriani, M.F. Mmp1 Processing of the PDF Neuropeptide Regulates Circadian Structural Plasticity of Pacemaker Neurons. PLoS Genet. 2014, 10, e1004700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Petsakou, A.; Sapsis, T.P.; Blau, J. Circadian Rhythms in Rho1 Activity Regulate Neuronal Plasticity and Network Hierarchy. Cell 2015, 162, 823–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Gunawardhana, K.L.; Hardin, P.E. VRILLE Controls PDF Neuropeptide Accumulation and Arborization Rhythms in Small Ventrolateral Neurons to Drive Rhythmic Behavior in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 2017, 27, 3442–3453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Bartel, D.P. MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004, 116, 281–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Colpaert, R.M.W.; Calore, M. MicroRNAs in Cardiac Diseases. Cells 2019, 8, 737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Falzone, L.; Lupo, G.; Rosa, G.R.M.L.; Crimi, S.; Anfuso, C.D.; Salemi, R.; Candido, S.; Libra, M.; Candido, S. Identification of Novel MicroRNAs and Their Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance in Oral Cancer. Cancers 2019, 11, 610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Tomankova, T.; Petrek, M.; Kriegova, E. Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in the lung. Respir. Res. 2010, 11, 159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Mendoza-Viveros, L.; Chiang, C.K.; Ong, J.L.K.; Hegazi, S.; Cheng, A.H.; Bouchard-Cannon, P.; Fana, M.; Lowden, C.; Zhang, P.; Bothorel, B. miR-132/212 Modulates Seasonal Adaptation and Dendritic Morphology of the Central Circadian Clock. Cell Rep. 2017, 19, 505–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  37. Xue, Y.B.; Zhang, Y. Emerging roles for microRNA in the regulation of Drosophila circadian clock. BMC Neurosci. 2018, 19, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Cheng, H.Y.M.; Papp, J.W.; Varlamova, O.; Dziema, H.; Russell, B.; Curfman, J.P.; Nakazawa, T.; Shimizu, K.; Okamura, H.; Impey, S. microRNA modulation of circadian-clock period and entrainment. Neuron 2007, 54, 813–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Yoo, S.H.; Kojima, S.; Shimomura, K.; Koike, N.; Buhr, E.D.; Furukawa, T.; Ko, C.H.; Gloston, G.; Ayoub, C.; Nohara, K.; et al. Period2 3 ‘-UTR and microRNA-24 regulate circadian rhythms by repressing PERIOD2 protein accumulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, E8855–E8864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Chen, W.F.; Liu, Z.X.; Li, T.J.; Zhang, R.F.; Xue, Y.B.; Zhong, Y.; Bai, W.W.; Zhou, D.S.; Zhao, Z.W. Regulation of Drosophila circadian rhythms by miRNA let-7 is mediated by a regulatory cycle. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  41. Chen, X.; Rosbash, M. mir-276a strengthens Drosophila circadian rhythms by regulating timeless expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, E2965–E2972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Kadener, S.; Menet, J.S.; Sugino, K.; Horwich, M.D.; Weissbein, U.; Nawathean, P.; Vagin, V.V.; Zamore, P.D.; Nelson, S.B.; Rosbash, M. A role for microRNAs in the Drosophila circadian clock. Genes Dev. 2009, 23, 2179–2191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Zhang, Y.; Emery, P. GW182 Controls Drosophila Circadian Behavior and PDF-Receptor Signaling. Neuron 2013, 78, 152–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Luo, W.Y.; Sehgal, A. Regulation of Circadian Behavioral Output via a MicroRNA-JAK/STAT Circuit. Cell 2012, 148, 765–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Vodala, S.; Pescatore, S.; Rodriguez, J.; Buescher, M.; Chen, Y.W.; Weng, R.F.; Cohen, S.M.; Rosbash, M. The Oscillating miRNA 959-964 Cluster Impacts Drosophila Feeding Time and Other Circadian Outputs. Cell Metab. 2012, 16, 601–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Garaulet, D.L.; Sun, K.L.; Li, W.H.; Wen, J.Y.; Panzarino, A.M.; O’Neil, J.L.; Hiesinger, P.R.; Young, M.W.; Lai, E.C. miR-124 Regulates Diverse Aspects of Rhythmic Behavior in Drosophila. J. Neurosci. 2016, 36, 3414–3421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Zhang, Y.; Lamba, P.; Guo, P.Y.; Emery, P. miR-124 Regulates the Phase of Drosophila Circadian Locomotor Behavior. J. Neurosci. 2016, 36, 2007–2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Niu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Nian, X.; Xu, X.; Zhang, Y. miR-210 controls the evening phase of circadian locomotor rhythms through repression of Fasciclin 2. PLoS Genet. 2019, 15, e1007655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Yang, M.; Lee, J.E.; Padgett, R.W.; Edery, I. Circadian regulation of a limited set of conserved microRNAs in Drosophila. BMC Genomics 2008, 9, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Hilgers, V.; Bushati, N.; Cohen, S.M. Drosophila microRNAs 263a/b Confer Robustness during Development by Protecting Nascent Sense Organs from Apoptosis. PLoS Biol. 2010, 8, e1000396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Gorostiza, E.A.; Depetris-Chauvin, A.; Frenkel, L.; Pirez, N.; Ceriani, M.F. Circadian Pacemaker Neurons Change Synaptic Contacts across the Day. Curr. Biol. 2014, 24, 2161–2167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Hamada, F.N.; Rosenzweig, M.; Kang, K.; Pulver, S.R.; Ghezzi, A.; Jegla, T.J.; Garrity, P.A. An internal thermal sensor controlling temperature preference in Drosophila. Nature 2008, 454, 217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Tsai, L.T.Y.; Bainton, R.J.; Blau, J.; Heberlein, U. Lmo mutants reveal a novel role for circadian pacemaker neurons in cocaine-induced behaviors. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2, 2122–2134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Brennecke, J.; Stark, A.; Russell, R.B.; Cohen, S.M. Principles of microRNA-target recognition. PLoS Biol. 2005, 3, e85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. You, S.; Fulga, T.A.; Van Vactor, D.; Jackson, F.R. Regulation of Circadian Behavior by Astroglial MicroRNAs in Drosophila. Genetics 2018, 208, 1195–1207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Girardet, C.; Blanchard, M.P.; Ferracci, G.; Leveque, C.; Moreno, M.; Francois-Bellan, A.M.; Becquet, D.; Bosler, O. Daily changes in synaptic innervation of VIP neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: Contribution of glutamatergic afferents. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2010, 31, 359–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Clokie, S.J.H.; Lau, P.; Kim, H.H.; Coon, S.L.; Klein, D.C. MicroRNAs in the Pineal Gland miR-483 regulates melatonin synthesis by targeting arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 25312–25324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Xu, S.B.; Witmer, P.D.; Lumayag, S.; Kovacs, B.; Valle, D. MicroRNA (miRNA) transcriptome of mouse retina and identification of a sensory organ-specific miRNA cluster. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 25053–25066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Dambal, S.; Shah, M.; Mihelich, B.; Nonn, L. The microRNA-183 cluster: The family that plays together stays together. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015, 43, 7173–7188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Bejarano, F.; Smibert, P.; Lai, E.C. miR-9a prevents apoptosis during wing development by repressing Drosophila LIM-only. Dev. Biol. 2010, 338, 63–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  61. Grima, B.; Lamouroux, A.; Chelot, E.; Papin, C.; Limbourg-Bouchon, B.; Rouyer, F. The F-box protein Slimb controls the levels of clock proteins Period and Timeless. Nature 2002, 420, 178–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Schneider, C.A.; Rasband, W.S.; Eliceiri, K.W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 2012, 9, 671–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cells 08 00923 g001 550
Figure 1. miR-263b is rhythmically expressed and regulates circadian behavior. (A) Quantitative PCR analysis of miR-263b from adult brains of wild-type and ClkJrk mutant flies at the indicated time points. The relative expression levels were normalized to 2s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and were further normalized to w1118 at ZT0. Each time point was compared to ZT0. Data represent means ± standard error of the mean (SEM); *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (B–D) Comparison of (B) rhythmicity, (C) power, and (D) morning anticipation index in indicated fly strains. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 45–79); * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p< 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (E) Locomotor activity of indicated strains measured during three days of light–dark (LD). The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (F) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and five days in constant darkness (DD). Light represents the day, and gray represents the darkness.
Figure 1. miR-263b is rhythmically expressed and regulates circadian behavior. (A) Quantitative PCR analysis of miR-263b from adult brains of wild-type and ClkJrk mutant flies at the indicated time points. The relative expression levels were normalized to 2s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and were further normalized to w1118 at ZT0. Each time point was compared to ZT0. Data represent means ± standard error of the mean (SEM); *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (B–D) Comparison of (B) rhythmicity, (C) power, and (D) morning anticipation index in indicated fly strains. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 45–79); * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p< 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (E) Locomotor activity of indicated strains measured during three days of light–dark (LD). The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (F) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and five days in constant darkness (DD). Light represents the day, and gray represents the darkness.
Cells 08 00923 g001
Cells 08 00923 g002 550
Figure 2. miR-263b modulates the structural plasticity of small ventral lateral neuron (sLNv) axonal projections. (A) Representative confocal images of whole brains from the indicated genotypes stained for pigment dispersing factor (PDF) at Zeitgeber time 2 (ZT2); scale bar, 75 µm. (B) Representative images of sLNv dorsal projections from the indicated genotypes stained with anti-PDF at ZT2 and ZT14. Flies were entrained for at least three days under LD conditions prior to the assay. Note the “open”, defasciculated axonal conformation at ZT2 and fasciculated axons at ZT14 in control w1118 flies; scale bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification of axonal morphology (fasciculation) of sLNv dorsal termini in LD conditions by Sholl’s analysis (see also Methods). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–22); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (D) Representative images of sLNv dorsal projections from the indicated genotypes stained with anti-PDF at circadian time 2 (CT2) or CT14 during the second day of DD; scale bar, 10 µm. (E) Quantification analysis of axonal morphology of sLNv dorsal termini in DD conditions. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–21); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (F) Structural plasticity of sLNv dorsal projections is regulated by miR-263b. Axonal projection of sLNv labeled by a membrane-tethered GFP. Representative confocal images of fly brains stained for GFP (green) and PDF (red) dissected at ZT2 and ZT14; scale bar, 10 µm. (G) Quantification analysis of axonal morphology of sLNv dorsal termini. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–21); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Figure 2. miR-263b modulates the structural plasticity of small ventral lateral neuron (sLNv) axonal projections. (A) Representative confocal images of whole brains from the indicated genotypes stained for pigment dispersing factor (PDF) at Zeitgeber time 2 (ZT2); scale bar, 75 µm. (B) Representative images of sLNv dorsal projections from the indicated genotypes stained with anti-PDF at ZT2 and ZT14. Flies were entrained for at least three days under LD conditions prior to the assay. Note the “open”, defasciculated axonal conformation at ZT2 and fasciculated axons at ZT14 in control w1118 flies; scale bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification of axonal morphology (fasciculation) of sLNv dorsal termini in LD conditions by Sholl’s analysis (see also Methods). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–22); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (D) Representative images of sLNv dorsal projections from the indicated genotypes stained with anti-PDF at circadian time 2 (CT2) or CT14 during the second day of DD; scale bar, 10 µm. (E) Quantification analysis of axonal morphology of sLNv dorsal termini in DD conditions. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–21); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (F) Structural plasticity of sLNv dorsal projections is regulated by miR-263b. Axonal projection of sLNv labeled by a membrane-tethered GFP. Representative confocal images of fly brains stained for GFP (green) and PDF (red) dissected at ZT2 and ZT14; scale bar, 10 µm. (G) Quantification analysis of axonal morphology of sLNv dorsal termini. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–21); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Cells 08 00923 g002
Cells 08 00923 g003 550
Figure 3. Activity-dependent remodeling of sLNv axonal fasciculation is intact in miR-263bKO flies. (A) Diagram of activity induction by heat. Flies were raised at 18 °C and entrained in LD cycles at 18 °C for at least three days before shifting to 30 °C at ZT12. Flies were dissected 2 h later (ZT14) for anti-PDF staining. (B) Representative confocal images of sLNv projections at ZT14 with or without heat shock (HS). Induction of TrpA1 in PDF cells by 2-h temperature elevation to 30 °C leads to open conformation of sLNv dorsal projections at ZT14 in all strains; scale bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification of TrpA1-induced changes in axonal fasciculation. “+” or “−” represents that the relative genes are present or absent in the flies. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 26–34); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Figure 3. Activity-dependent remodeling of sLNv axonal fasciculation is intact in miR-263bKO flies. (A) Diagram of activity induction by heat. Flies were raised at 18 °C and entrained in LD cycles at 18 °C for at least three days before shifting to 30 °C at ZT12. Flies were dissected 2 h later (ZT14) for anti-PDF staining. (B) Representative confocal images of sLNv projections at ZT14 with or without heat shock (HS). Induction of TrpA1 in PDF cells by 2-h temperature elevation to 30 °C leads to open conformation of sLNv dorsal projections at ZT14 in all strains; scale bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification of TrpA1-induced changes in axonal fasciculation. “+” or “−” represents that the relative genes are present or absent in the flies. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 26–34); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Cells 08 00923 g003
Cells 08 00923 g004 550
Figure 4. Expression of miR-263b in PDF-positive neurons rescued miR-263b defect on circadian rhythmicity and structural plasticity. (A–C) Comparison of (A) rhythmicity, (B) power, and (C) morning anticipation index in indicated fly strains. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 45–79); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (D) Locomotor activity of indicated strains measured during three days of LD. The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (E) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and five days in DD. Light represents the day, and gray represents darkness. (F) Representative confocal images of whole brains (scale bar, 75 µm.) and sLNv dorsal projections (scale bar, 10 µm.) from the indicated genotypes stained for PDF at ZT2. (G) Quantification of axonal morphology (fasciculation) of sLNv dorsal termini in LD conditions by Sholl’s analysis (see also Methods). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 17–19); *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Figure 4. Expression of miR-263b in PDF-positive neurons rescued miR-263b defect on circadian rhythmicity and structural plasticity. (A–C) Comparison of (A) rhythmicity, (B) power, and (C) morning anticipation index in indicated fly strains. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 45–79); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (D) Locomotor activity of indicated strains measured during three days of LD. The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (E) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and five days in DD. Light represents the day, and gray represents darkness. (F) Representative confocal images of whole brains (scale bar, 75 µm.) and sLNv dorsal projections (scale bar, 10 µm.) from the indicated genotypes stained for PDF at ZT2. (G) Quantification of axonal morphology (fasciculation) of sLNv dorsal termini in LD conditions by Sholl’s analysis (see also Methods). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 17–19); *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Cells 08 00923 g004
Cells 08 00923 g005 550
Figure 5. Bx regulates circadian rhythms, and its expression is suppressed by miR-263b. (A) miR-263b inhibited the expression of Bx in S2 cells. pAC or pAC-miR-263b were co-transfected with pAc-fluc-Bx 3′UTR or pAc-fluc-Bx 3′ UTR (mut) and with pCopia-Renilla luciferase into S2 cells. After two days, luciferase activity was quantified. For each condition, a normalized firefly/Renilla luciferase value is plotted with SEM. (B) Bx is expressed in the PDF-positive sLNvs and large LNVs (lLNvs). Representative confocal images of fly brains (scale bar, 75 µm), lLNvs, and sLNvs (scale bar, 10 µm) stained for GFP (green) and PDF (red) dissected at ZT13. (C) Representative confocal images of Bx 3′ UTR (Bx-GAL4/+; UAS-EGFP-Bx 3′UTR/+) and Bx 3′ UTR (mut) (Bx-GAL4/+; UAS-EGFP-Bx 3′ UTR(mut)/+) in wild-type or miR-263b mutant background. The brains were stained with anti-GFP antibody (green) and anti-PDF antibody (red) at ZT13; scale bar, 10 µm. (D) Quantification of GFP signals in sLNvs and lLNvs from Bx 3′ UTR and Bx 3′ UTR (mut) flies. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 16–17); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 determined by Student’s t-test. (E–G) Comparison of (E) rhythmicity, (F) power, and (G) morning anticipation in indicated lines. The numbers of tested flies are shown in each column. Each experiment was conducted three times. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 45–105); ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (H) Locomotor activity of adult male flies of the indicated genotypes measured during three days of LD cycle. The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (I) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and the five days in DD. Light represents the day, and gray represents darkness.
Figure 5. Bx regulates circadian rhythms, and its expression is suppressed by miR-263b. (A) miR-263b inhibited the expression of Bx in S2 cells. pAC or pAC-miR-263b were co-transfected with pAc-fluc-Bx 3′UTR or pAc-fluc-Bx 3′ UTR (mut) and with pCopia-Renilla luciferase into S2 cells. After two days, luciferase activity was quantified. For each condition, a normalized firefly/Renilla luciferase value is plotted with SEM. (B) Bx is expressed in the PDF-positive sLNvs and large LNVs (lLNvs). Representative confocal images of fly brains (scale bar, 75 µm), lLNvs, and sLNvs (scale bar, 10 µm) stained for GFP (green) and PDF (red) dissected at ZT13. (C) Representative confocal images of Bx 3′ UTR (Bx-GAL4/+; UAS-EGFP-Bx 3′UTR/+) and Bx 3′ UTR (mut) (Bx-GAL4/+; UAS-EGFP-Bx 3′ UTR(mut)/+) in wild-type or miR-263b mutant background. The brains were stained with anti-GFP antibody (green) and anti-PDF antibody (red) at ZT13; scale bar, 10 µm. (D) Quantification of GFP signals in sLNvs and lLNvs from Bx 3′ UTR and Bx 3′ UTR (mut) flies. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 16–17); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 determined by Student’s t-test. (E–G) Comparison of (E) rhythmicity, (F) power, and (G) morning anticipation in indicated lines. The numbers of tested flies are shown in each column. Each experiment was conducted three times. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 45–105); ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (H) Locomotor activity of adult male flies of the indicated genotypes measured during three days of LD cycle. The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (I) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and the five days in DD. Light represents the day, and gray represents darkness.
Cells 08 00923 g005
Cells 08 00923 g006 550
Figure 6. Bx regulates the arborization rhythms of sLNv dorsal projections. (A) Representative confocal images of brains of the indicated genotypes stained for PDF at ZT2; scale bar, 75 µm. (B) Dorsal projections of sLNvs at ZT2 and ZT14. Flies were entrained for at least three days under LD conditions prior to the assay; scale bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification analysis of axonal morphology (fasciculation) of sLNv dorsal termini in LD conditions by Sholl’s analysis. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–23); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (D) Representative confocal images of the projections at CT2 or CT14 during the second day of DD; scale bar, 10 µm. (E) Quantification of axonal morphology of sLNv dorsal termini in DD conditions. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–21); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (F) Confocal images of sLNv projections from flies stained with anti-PDF at ZT14. Conformation changes in response to 2-h temperature elevation (HS) are shown on the right. The left shows a control not subjected to temperature elevation. (G) Quantification of TrpA1-induced changes in axonal fasciculation. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 19–34); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Figure 6. Bx regulates the arborization rhythms of sLNv dorsal projections. (A) Representative confocal images of brains of the indicated genotypes stained for PDF at ZT2; scale bar, 75 µm. (B) Dorsal projections of sLNvs at ZT2 and ZT14. Flies were entrained for at least three days under LD conditions prior to the assay; scale bar, 10 µm. (C) Quantification analysis of axonal morphology (fasciculation) of sLNv dorsal termini in LD conditions by Sholl’s analysis. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–23); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (D) Representative confocal images of the projections at CT2 or CT14 during the second day of DD; scale bar, 10 µm. (E) Quantification of axonal morphology of sLNv dorsal termini in DD conditions. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15–21); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test. (F) Confocal images of sLNv projections from flies stained with anti-PDF at ZT14. Conformation changes in response to 2-h temperature elevation (HS) are shown on the right. The left shows a control not subjected to temperature elevation. (G) Quantification of TrpA1-induced changes in axonal fasciculation. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 19–34); n.s. not significant, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Cells 08 00923 g006
Cells 08 00923 g007 550
Figure 7. Mutation of the miR-263b binding site in the Bx 3′ UTR leads to behavioral arrhythmicity. (A) Sequence in the miR-263b binding site region in the Bx 3′ UTR and mutations induced using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. (B) Locomotor activity of adult male flies of indicated strains measured during four days of LD cycles and five days of DD. The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (C) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and the five days in DD. Light represents the day, and gray represents darkness. (D–F) Comparison of (D) rhythmicity, (E) power, and (F) morning anticipation in indicated genotypes. The numbers of tested flies are shown in each column. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 48–69). (G) Representative confocal images of control and Bx*2 fly brains stained for PDF at ZT2; scale bar, 75 µm for the whole-mount figure, and 10 µm for the magnified images. (H) Quantification of axonal morphology from control and Bx*2 flies. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 18–21); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Figure 7. Mutation of the miR-263b binding site in the Bx 3′ UTR leads to behavioral arrhythmicity. (A) Sequence in the miR-263b binding site region in the Bx 3′ UTR and mutations induced using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. (B) Locomotor activity of adult male flies of indicated strains measured during four days of LD cycles and five days of DD. The white and black bars indicate day and night, respectively. (C) Actograms showing the average activities on the last day in LD and the five days in DD. Light represents the day, and gray represents darkness. (D–F) Comparison of (D) rhythmicity, (E) power, and (F) morning anticipation in indicated genotypes. The numbers of tested flies are shown in each column. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 48–69). (G) Representative confocal images of control and Bx*2 fly brains stained for PDF at ZT2; scale bar, 75 µm for the whole-mount figure, and 10 µm for the magnified images. (H) Quantification of axonal morphology from control and Bx*2 flies. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 18–21); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 determined by Student’s t-test.
Cells 08 00923 g007
Table
Table 1. Locomotor activity of flies with altered miR-263b and Bx levels in constant darkness (DD). SEM—standard error of the mean.
Table 1. Locomotor activity of flies with altered miR-263b and Bx levels in constant darkness (DD). SEM—standard error of the mean.
GenotypeN% RhythmicPeriod (h) ± SEMPower * ± SEM
w11187998.5 ± 1.524.4 ± 0.186.0 ± 2.7
miR-263bKO6041.5 ± 10.424.3 ± 0.158.7 ± 4.8
Δ263b-Gal4/miR-263bKO7139.6 ± 9.024.5 ± 0.145.7 ± 3.4
Δ263b-Gal4, UAS-263b/miR-263bKO9458.0 ± 8.724.2 ± 0.156.2 ± 3.5
Δ263b-Gal4/+7696.6 ± 3.324.5 ± 0.094.1 ± 3.7
UAS-263b/+4895.8 ± 4.223.8 ± 0.199.2 ± 3.7
Δ263b-Gal4/UAS-263b4568.8 ± 2.624.2 ± 0.261.4 ± 4.5
UAS-Bx/+45100.0 ± 0.024.0 ± 0.1105.7 ± 3.6
BxhdpR2610540.1 ± 4.825.7 ± 0.244.7 ± 2.8
UAS-Bx/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+4825.1 ± 10.924.4 ± 0.448.6 ± 6.3
yw, Act5C-Cas948100.0 ± 0.024.4 ± 0.289.1 ± 4.0
Bx*17143.6 ± 11.724.1 ± 0.169.5 ± 4.3
Bx*26931.1 ± 6.724.3 ± 0.154.3 ± 5.4
Pdf-Gal4/+4098.0 ± 2.024.4 ± 0.184.9 ± 3.3
Pdf-Gal4/+; UAS-263b/+6095.2 ± 4.826.1 ± 0.186.6 ± 2.5
UAS-263b, miR-263bKO/miR-263bKO4252.1 ± 4.423.9 ± 0.157.2 ± 3.5
Pdf-Gal4/+; miR-263bKO/UAS-263b, miR-263bKO5778.8 ± 5.325.5 ± 0.167.3 ± 3.0
tubulin-Gal80ts/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (29 °C)7091.8 ± 3.424.0 ± 0.178.0 ± 3.5
UAS-263b/+ (29 °C)4889.9 ± 1.723.8 ± 0.190.6 ± 4.3
UAS-Bx/+ (29 °C)3185.6 ± 8.923.9 ± 0.088.3 ± 3.5
tubulin-Gal80ts/+; Δ263b-Gal4, UAS-263b (29 °C)7050.0 ± 7.424.3 ± 0.156.3 ± 4.1
tubulin-Gal80ts/UAS-Bx; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (29 °C)2441.6 ± 8.324.5 ± 0.248.6 ± 6.7
tubulin-Gal80ts/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (18 °C)6290.4 ± 6.623.6 ± 0.1103.9 ± 6.5
UAS-263b/+ (18 °C)6883.5 ± 4.923.7 ± 0.172.4 ± 4.9
UAS-Bx/+ (18 °C)2585.4 ± 1.424.1 ± 0.257.4 ± 5.7
tubulin-Gal80ts/+; Δ263b-Gal4, UAS-263b (18 °C)5066.9 ± 3.524.5 ± 0.455.5 ± 3.9
tubulin-Gal80ts/UAS-Bx; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (18 °C)2568.3 ± 4.323.7 ± 0.241.3 ± 4.9
Bereft247053.2 ± 2.323.8 ± 0.141.8 ± 2.0
Δ263a-Gal4/+6896.7 ± 3.324.2 ± 0.1100.8 ± 5.5
Δ263a-Gal4/UAS-263a8679.7 ± 4.923.8 ± 0.169.6 ± 4.5
* Power is a measure of rhythm amplitude and corresponds to the height of the periodogram peak above the significance line.
Table
Table 2. The fly genotypes for analysis of activity-dependent changes in axonal morphology. ZT—Zeitgeber time; CT—circadian time.
Table 2. The fly genotypes for analysis of activity-dependent changes in axonal morphology. ZT—Zeitgeber time; CT—circadian time.
Genotype (Time Point)NGenotype (Time Point)N
w1118 (ZT2)22w1118 (ZT14)20
w1118 (CT2)21w1118 (CT14)15
miR-263bKO (ZT2)18miR-263bKO (ZT14)21
miR-263bKO (CT2)15miR-263bKO (CT14)18
BxhdpR26 (ZT2)21BxhdpR26 (ZT14)20
BxhdpR26 (CT2)15BxhdpR26 (CT14)18
Δ263b-Gal4/+ (ZT2)17Δ263b-Gal4/+ (ZT14)14
Δ263b-Gal4/+ (CT2)16Δ263b-Gal4/+ (CT14)17
Δ263b-Gal4/UAS-263b (ZT2)19Δ263b-Gal4/UAS-263b (ZT14)20
Δ263b-Gal4/UAS-263b (CT2)16Δ263b-Gal4/UAS-263b (CT14)15
UAS-Bx/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (ZT2)22UAS-Bx/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (ZT14)23
UAS-Bx/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (CT2)17UAS-Bx/+; Δ263b-Gal4/+ (CT14)17
Pdf-Gal4/UAS-mCD8::GFP (ZT2)18Pdf-Gal4/UAS-mCD8::GFP (ZT14)15
Pdf-Gal4/UAS-mCD8::GFP;miR-263bKO (ZT2)21Pdf-Gal4/UAS-mCD8::GFP;miR-263bKO (ZT14)17
yw, Act5C-Cas9 (ZT2)21Bx*2 (ZT2)18
UAS-263b, miR-263bKO/miR-263bKO (ZT2)17Pdf-Gal4/+; miR-263bKO,UAS-263b/miR-263bKO(ZT2)19
Pdf-Gal4/UAS-TrpA1 (ZT14 no HS)31Pdf-Gal4/UAS-TrpA1 (ZT14 after HS)34
UAS-TrpA1; miR-263bKO (ZT14 no HS)26UAS-TrpA1; miR-263bKO (ZT14 after HS)31
Pdf-Gal4/UAS-TrpA1; miR-263bKO (ZT14 no HS)33Pdf-Gal4/UAS-TrpA1; miR-263bKO (ZT14 after HS)33
BxhdpR26; UAS-TrpA1 (ZT14 no HS)18BxhdpR26; UAS-TrpA1 (ZT14 after HS)19
BxhdpR26; Pdf-Gal4/UAS-TrpA1 (ZT14 no HS)34BxhdpR26; Pdf-Gal4/UAS-TrpA1 (ZT14 after HS)33

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Nian, X.; Chen, W.; Bai, W.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, Y. miR-263b Controls Circadian Behavior and the Structural Plasticity of Pacemaker Neurons by Regulating the LIM-Only Protein Beadex. Cells 2019, 8, 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080923

AMA Style

Nian X, Chen W, Bai W, Zhao Z, Zhang Y. miR-263b Controls Circadian Behavior and the Structural Plasticity of Pacemaker Neurons by Regulating the LIM-Only Protein Beadex. Cells. 2019; 8(8):923. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080923

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nian, Xiaoge, Wenfeng Chen, Weiwei Bai, Zhangwu Zhao, and Yong Zhang. 2019. "miR-263b Controls Circadian Behavior and the Structural Plasticity of Pacemaker Neurons by Regulating the LIM-Only Protein Beadex" Cells 8, no. 8: 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080923

APA Style

Nian, X., Chen, W., Bai, W., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). miR-263b Controls Circadian Behavior and the Structural Plasticity of Pacemaker Neurons by Regulating the LIM-Only Protein Beadex. Cells, 8(8), 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080923

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop