The Prospect and Challenges to the Flow of Liquid Biopsy in Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Component of Liquid Biopsy
2.1. Circulating Tumor Cells
2.2. Circulating Tumor DNA
2.3. Circulating Tumor RNAs
2.3.1. Circulating Coding RNA
2.3.2. Long Non-Coding RNAs
2.3.3. Circulating microRNAs
2.4. Other Circulating Molecules
2.4.1. Exosomes
2.4.2. Circulating Proteins and Peptides
3. Challenges to Implementation of Liquid Biopsy Technology in Africa
4. The Prospect for Liquid Biopsy in Africa
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Study Design | Cancer Type | Downstream Analysis | Country | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTC | |||||
Blood | 75 BC patients 20 healthy controls | Breast cancer | Circulating endothelial progenitor cells count CD14, CD133 and VEGFR2 expression levels (flow cytometry) | Egypt | Montaser, et al. [16] |
Blood | 50 BC patients 14 healthy controls | Breast cancer | mRNA expression levels (qPCR) | Egypt | Elnagdy, et al. [17] |
Blood | 51 BC patients | Breast cancer | CTC and CSC count (flow cytometry) | Egypt | Sayed, et al. [18] |
Peripheral blood | 70 HCC patients 30 CHC patients 33 healthy controls | Liver cancer | CTC and CSC countProtein expression levels of CK19, CD133, CD90 (flow cytometry) | Egypt | Bahnassy, et al. [19] |
Blood | 50 HCC patients 20 healthy controls | Liver cancer | CTC count (flow cytometry) | Egypt | Mansour, et al. [20] |
Blood | 40 BC patients | Breast cancer | CTC and CSC count (flow cytometry) | Egypt | Zedan, et al. [21] |
Blood | 50 BC patients 30 healthy controls | Breast cancer | mRNA expression levels (qPCR) | Egypt | Ebeed, et al. [22] |
Blood | 36 CRC patients 18 healthy controls | Colorectal cancer | mRNA expression levels (qPCR) | Egypt | Teama and Agwa [23] |
Blood | 147 BC patients 94 healthy controls (41 U.S. healthy volunteers) | Breast cancer | mRNA expression levels (qPCR) | Senegal | Zehentner, et al. [24] |
Peripheral blood | 143 primary melanoma patients | Melanoma | The use of qPCR to determine the presence of tyrosinase mRNA in peripheral blood | South Africa | Hanekom, et al. [25] |
cfDNA | |||||
Plasma | 195 HCC patients 263 CLD control patients 49 healthy controls | Liver cancer | cfDNA mutational analysis using droplet digital PCR | Cameroon, Central African Republic | Marchio, et al. [26] |
Plasma | 40 BC patients 10 healthy controls | Breast cancer | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | Hussein, et al. [27] |
Serum | 60 LC patients 40 COPD patients 40 healthy controls | Lung cancer | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | Soliman, et al. [28] |
Plasma | 50 PCa patients 25 BPH patients 30 healthy controls | Prostate cancer | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | Fawzy, et al. [29] |
Serum | 40 BC patients 40 healthy controls | Breast cancer | cfDNA quantification using qPCR | Egypt | Ibrahim, et al. [30] |
Serum | 50 CRC patients 10 colonic polyps’ patients 20 healthy controls | Colorectal cancer | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | El-Gayar, et al. [31] |
Plasma | 50 BC patients 30 benign breast lesions 20 healthy controls | Breast cancer | Quantification of cfDNA andmtDNA using multiplex qPCR | Egypt | Mahmoud, et al. [32] |
Plasma | 120 cancer patients 120 patients with benign diseases 120 healthy controls | Breast, Lung, Colon and Liver cancers | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | Zaher, et al. [33] |
Plasma | 42 BC patients 30 benign lesion patients 27 healthy controls | Breast cancer | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | Hashad, et al. [34] |
Serum | 25 HCV-related HCC patients 25 chronic HCV patients 15 healthy controls | Liver cancer | cfDNA quantification and Integrity index using qPCR | Egypt | El-Shazly, et al. [35] |
Plasma | 28 HCC patients | Liver cancer | Methylation profile determined for five genes using qPCR | Egypt | Iyer, et al. [36] |
Serum | 20 NHL patients 20 healthy controls | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | cfDNA quantification using Fluorometric assay | Egypt | Hosny, et al. [37] |
Serum | 76 HCC patients 110 CLD patients 69 healthy controls | Liver cancer | cfDNA quantification and sequencing of the positive RFLP fragments using nested PCR | Egypt | Hosny, et al. [38] |
Plasma | 216 HCC patients 121 liver cirrhosis patients 408 healthy controls | Liver cancer | cfDNA quantification and sequencing using nested PCR | Gambia | Kirk, et al. [39] |
Plasma | 29 HCC patients | Liver cancer | cfDNA quantification and sequencing using nested PCR | Gambia | Szymanska, et al. [40] |
Plasma | 12 PCa patients 10 healthy controls | Prostate cancer | cfDNA quantification and parallel tagged sequencing | South Africa | van der Vaart, et al. [41] |
Plasma | 1 BC patient 1 healthy control | Breast cancer | Cloning and sequencing of cfDNA | South Africa | van der Vaart and Pretorius [42] |
miRNA | |||||
Serum | 65 LC patients 29 pulmonary tuberculosis patients 29 pneumonia 37 healthy controls | Lung cancer | Expression levels of miR-21, miR-155, miR-182, and miR-197 assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Abd-El-Fattah, et al. [43] |
Serum | 60 HCV-related HCC patients 60 HCV-related liver cirrhosis patients 60 healthy controls | Liver cancer | Expression levels of miRNAs determined using qPCR | Egypt | Ali, et al. [44] |
Serum | 60 HCC patients 30 healthy controls | Liver cancer | Expression levels of microRNAs 191, 203 and 335 determined using qPCR | Egypt | Ezzat, et al. [45] |
Plasma | 45 LC patients 40 healthy controls | Lung cancer | The expression level of miR-21 and miR-23a was detected by qPCR | Egypt | Hetta, et al. [46] |
Serum | 60 ovarian cancer patients 30 healthy controls | Ovarian cancer | Serum miR-21 levels were measured by TaqMan-qPCR | Egypt | Mahmoud, et al. [47] |
Serum | 35 CRC patients 51 patients with benign lesions 101 healthy controls | Colorectal cancer | The expression of miR-210, miR-21 and miR-126 was performed using qPCR | Egypt | Sabry, et al. [48] |
Serum | 106 BC patients 49 benign breast lesion patients 40 healthy controls | Breast Cancer | The expression level of miR-335 was detected by qPCR | Egypt | Swellam, et al. [49] |
Serum | 137 BC patients 60 benign breast lesion patients 38 healthy controls | Breast cancer | miRNAs expression levels were determined using reaction qPCR | Egypt | Swellam, et al. [50] |
Serum | 30 HCC patients 20 healthy controls | Liver cancer | lncRNA GAS5 and miR-34a expression level measured using qPCR | Egypt | Toraih, et al. [51] |
Blood | 9 CHC patients 6 liver cirrhosis patients 9 HCC patients 8 healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNAs expression levels were determined using reaction qPCR | Egypt | Zekri, et al. [52] |
Plasma | 60 HCC patients 60 CHC patients 60 healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNA expression levels assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Demerdash, et al. [53] |
Serum | 224 HCC patients 250 CHC patients 84 healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNAs (hsa-miR-1269, hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-138, hsa-miR-214-5p, hsa-miR-494, hsa-miR-375 and hsa-miR-145) were assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Elemeery, et al. [54] |
Plasma | 65 AML patients 50 healthy controls | Acute myeloid leukemia | Expression of miR-92a, miR-143 and miR-342 was measured using qPCR | Egypt | Elhamamsy, et al. [55] |
Serum | 64 CRC patients 27 healthy controls | Colorectal cancer | Expression levels of miR-92a, miR-375, and miR-760 assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Elshafei, et al. [56] |
Serum | 23 HCC patients 25 post-HCV liver cirrhosis patients 30 HCV patients 10 healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | Khairy, et al. [57] |
Plasma | 70 bladder cancer patients 62 healthy controls | Bladder cancer | Expression levels of miR-92a, miR-100 and miR-143 measured using qPCR | Egypt | Motawi, et al. [58] |
Serum | 60 HCC patients 40 CHC patients 30 healthy controls | Liver cancer | Expression levels of miRNA-122 and miRNA-222 assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Motawi, et al. [59] |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 85 ALL patients 25 healthy controls | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Expression levels of miR-92a, miR-100 and miR-143 were measured using qPCR | Egypt | Swellam and El-Khazragy [60] |
Serum | 30 CRC patients 18 IBD patients 18 colonic polyps’ patients 24 colonic symptoms patients 100 CRC patients (validation) | Colorectal cancer | miRNAs expression levels were determined using reaction qPCR | Egypt | Zekri, et al. [61] |
Blood | 30 HCC patients 20 HCV patients 20 healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNA expression levels assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Alnoanmany, et al. [62] |
Urine | 188 Bladder cancer patients 88 Benign bladder lesions 92 healthy controls | Bladder cancer | miR-210, miR-10b, miR-29c, miR-221, and miR-23a expression levels assessed using qPCR | Egypt | Eissa, et al. [63] |
Serum | 40 HCC patients 40 HCV patients 20 Healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | El-Abd, et al. [64] |
Serum | 120 BC patients 50 healthy controls | Breast cancer | Expression levels of miRNAs (miR10b, miR34a, miR155, miR195 and miR16) determined using qPCR | Egypt | Hagrass, et al. [65] |
Serum | 112 HCV-related HCC patients 125 HCV-related CLD patients 42 healthy controls | Liver cancer | Expression miRNA was measured using qPCR | Egypt | Motawi, et al. [66] |
Urine | 32 HCC patients with post-HCV infection 74 chronic HCV patients 12 healthy controls | Liver cancer | miRNA whole-genome expression profiling and relative expression profiling for candidate miRNAs using qPCR | Egypt | Abdalla and Haj-Ahmad [67] |
Serum | 20 Inflammatory BC patients 20 non-inflammatory BC patients 20 healthy controls | Breast cancer | TaqMan qPCR was performed to detect the circulating expression of miRNAs | Tunisia | Hamdi, et al. [68] |
mRNA | |||||
Serum | 40 HCC patients 10 healthy controls | Liver cancer | mRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | Abdelgawad, et al. [69] |
Serum | 25 HCC patients 15 healthy controls | Liver cancer | mRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | Ibrahim, et al. [70] |
lncRNAs | |||||
Serum | 80 BC patients 80 healthy controls | Breast cancer | mRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | Zidan, et al. [71] |
Serum | 120 CRC patients 30 adenomatous polyps’ patients 96 healthy controls | Colorectal cancer | Serum expression levels of lncRNAs and miRNA using qPCR | Egypt | Shaker, et al. [72] |
Serum | 78 HCC patients 36 CHC patients 44 healthy controls | Liver cancer | mRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | El-Tawdi, et al. [73] |
Plasma | 32 gastric cancer patients 30 healthy controls | Gastric cancer | mRNA expression levels using qPCR | Egypt | Hashad, et al. [74] |
Exosomes | |||||
Serum | 60 HCC patients 42 CHC patients 18 healthy controls | Liver cancer | Expression of exosomal RNA using qPCR | Egypt | Abd El Gwad, et al. [75] |
Serum | 20 LC patients | Lung cancer | Expression of exosomal RNA using qPCR | Egypt | Khalil, et al. [76] |
Analysis Capability | CTC | cfDNA | Circulating Tumor RNA | Exosomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genomic mutations | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
RNA profiling | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Phenotypic studies of tumor cell | Yes | No | No | No |
Proteomic analysis | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Clinical Applications | ||||
Clinical trials | Phase IV | Phase IV | Phase IV | Phase II |
Clinical approved techniques | CellSearch |
| Progensa™ PCA3 | No |
Cost of clinical use (outside Africa) | $350 | $170–470 | $220 | - |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Temilola, D.O.; Wium, M.; Coulidiati, T.H.; Adeola, H.A.; Carbone, G.M.; Catapano, C.V.; Zerbini, L.F. The Prospect and Challenges to the Flow of Liquid Biopsy in Africa. Cells 2019, 8, 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080862
Temilola DO, Wium M, Coulidiati TH, Adeola HA, Carbone GM, Catapano CV, Zerbini LF. The Prospect and Challenges to the Flow of Liquid Biopsy in Africa. Cells. 2019; 8(8):862. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080862
Chicago/Turabian StyleTemilola, Dada Oluwaseyi, Martha Wium, Tangbadioa Herve Coulidiati, Henry Ademola Adeola, Giuseppina Maria Carbone, Carlo Vittorio Catapano, and Luiz Fernando Zerbini. 2019. "The Prospect and Challenges to the Flow of Liquid Biopsy in Africa" Cells 8, no. 8: 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080862