ADAM13 | upregulates canonical Wnt signaling by cleaving class B Ephrins | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC induction (Snai2, Sox9, Foxd3) and head cartilage | [75] |
ADAM19 | upregulates canonical Wnt signaling by stabilizing ADAM13 | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC induction (Snai2, Sox9, Foxd3) and head cartilage | [76] |
Aldh1a2 | delay Wnt3a and Wnt8a expression | KO | LOF | trunk | mouse | diminished NPB specification (Msx1, Pax3) | [77] |
Apoc1 | downstream effector of canonical Wnt signaling | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NPB induction (Msx1, Pax3, Zic1), eyes and head deformation | [78] |
Awp1 | stabilizes Ctnnb1 | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NPB induction (Msx1, Pax3), pigmentation and craniofacial cartilage | [79] |
Axud1 | downstream effector of canonical Wnt signaling | MO, dominant-negative construct | LOF | trunk | chick | defective NC inductions (Foxd3, Sox9, Sox10, Ets1) | [80] |
Cdh11 | competitive binding with Ctnnb1 to repress Wnt/Ctnnb1 signaling | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | increased Wnt/Ctnnb1 signaling and NC induction (Sox10, Ap2) | [81] |
Ctnnb1 | coactivator for Tcf/Lef1 transcription factor | RNA injection, MO | GOF; LOF | cranial | Xenopus | expanded (GOF) or diminished (LOF) NC induction (Snai2, Twist) | [82,83] |
Daam1 | mediator of non-canonical Wnt signaling and actin polymerization | MO, mutations | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC induction (Twist, Sox8, Snai2, Sox10) | [38] |
Dkk1 | antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling | blocking antibody, Dkk1-null mouse | LOF | cranial | Xenopus, mouse | NC generated in the anterior neural fold, expanded cranial cartilages | [68] |
Dkk2 | positive regulator of canonical Wnt signaling independent of Gsk3b | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC induction (Snai2, Twist1, Sox10), reduced craniofacial cartilages | [34] |
Dvl (Dsh) | canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling | mutants (dd1, dd2) | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | repressed NC induction (Snai2) | [37] |
| PCP signaling | PCP mutants: ΔN-Dsh, Dsh-DEP+ | GOF, LOF | cranial | Xenopus | expanded (GOF) or decreased (LOF) NC induction (Foxd3, Sox8, Snai2) | [84] |
Fgf8a | induce Wnt8 in the paraxial mesoderm | MO, RNA injection | LOF, GOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective (LOF) NPB induction (Pax3), induced (GOF) NC in anterior neural plate | [83] |
Fzd3 | receptor for Wnt1 | RNA injection, MO | GOF, LOF | cranial | Xenopus | Induced (GOF) or diminished (LOF) NC induction (Snai, Twist) | [85] |
Fzd7 | receptor in canonical Wnt/Ctnnb1 signaling | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | inhibited NC induction, loss of pigment cells | [86] |
Gbx2 | direct target of canonical Wnt signaling | MO, RNA injection | LOF, GOF | cranial | Xenopus | diminished (LOF) or rescued (GOF) NPB specifiers (Pax3, Msx1) | [87] |
Gsk3b | phosphorylation and degradation of Ctnnb1 | RNA Injections | GOF | cranial | Xenopus | increased NC induction (Krox20, Ap2, Snai2) | [88] |
Hes3 | inhibition of Wnt/Ctnnb1 signaling | expression constructs | GOF | cranial, trunk | Xenopus | blocked NC specifiers (Snai2, Sox10), supernumerary pigment cells | [35] |
kctd15 | attenuate canonical Wnt/Ctnnb1 signaling | MO, mRNA injection | LOF | cranial | zebrafish | defective NC induction (Sox10, Foxd3), increased pigmentation, loss of jaw elements | [89] |
| | expression constructs | GOF | cranial, trunk | zebrafish | increased NC induction (Foxd3, Sox10), loss of pigmentation, small head | [89] |
Krm2 | promotes Lrp6-mediated Wnt signaling in the absence of Dkks | MO, RNA microinjection | LOF, GOF | cranial | Xenopus | diminished (LOF) NC markers, ectopic NC-derived structures (GOF) | [90] |
Lrp6 | Wnt co-receptor | normal and mutant RNA injection | GOF, LOF | cranial | Xenopus | induced (GOF) or diminished (LOF) NC specifier Snai2 | [47,90] |
Mark2 (Par-1) | bind to Dvl and regulated by Wnt5a/Wnt11 | MO, mRNA injection | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | repressed (LOF) or enhanced NC specification (Sox8, Foxd3, Snai2) | [84] |
Rap2 | stabilizes Lrp6 through TNIK kinase | MO, siRNA | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | abrogate ectopic expression of NC markers Snai, Foxd3 | [91] |
retinoic acid | regulate Wnt1 and Wnt3a expression | vitamin A deficiency | LOF | trunk | quail | defective NPB (Pax7) and NC induction (Snai2 and Sox9) | [92] |
Rgs2 | regulates Wnt-Ppard-Sox10 signaling cascade | MO, dominant negative rgs2 construct | LOF | cranial | zebrafish | increased NC induction (Sox10, Snail1b), reduced cranial cartilage formation | [93] |
RhoV | downstream effector of canonical Wnt signaling | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC induction (Sox9, Sox10, Snai), abnormal craniofacial skeletons | [94] |
Ror2 | co-receptor in non-canonical Wnt/PCP signaling | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NPB induction (Gbx2, Zic1, Msx1, Msx2), decreased BMP signaling at NPB | [84,95] |
Skip | a potential scaffold in Ctnnb1/Tcf transcriptional regulation | MO, siRNA | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC induction (Snai2, Sox3, Foxd3), loss of pigment cells | [96] |
Sp5 | downstream effector of canonical Wnt and Fgf pathways | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NPB induction (Msx1, Pax3); defects in craniofacial cartilage and pigmentation | [97] |
Tcf7l1 | transcription factor | cKO by AP2α-Cre | LOF | cranial | mouse | anteriorly expanded NC specifiers (Foxd3, Sox9, Sox10, Pax3); exencephaly | [67] |
| | inhibitory mutants | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NPB induction (Msx1) | [98] |
| | THVGR (hormone-inducible Tcf7l1) | GOF | cranial | Xenopus | increased NC induction (Snai2, Twist) | [82] |
Wnt1 | ligand, canonical pathway | dominant negative Wnt1 | LOF | trunk | chick | repressed NC induction (Snai2) | [99] |
| | Wnt1 expressing cells | GOF | trunk | chick | inhibited NC induction | [100] |
Wnt1/Wnt3a | ligand, canonical pathway | RNA and DNA Injections | GOF | cranial | Xenopus | increased NC induction (Krox20, Ap2, Snai2) | [88] |
| | Wnt1 and/or Wnt3a knockouts | LOF | cranial, trunk | mouse | defective NPB induction (Pax3), cranial skeletons, cranial ganglia | [101] |
Wnt5a | ligand, non-canonical pathway | MO, dominant negative, RNA injection | LOF, GOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective (LOF) or enhanced (GOF) NC specification (Pax3, Foxd3, Sox8) | [84] |
Wnt6 | ligand, upstream of Dvl-Rho-JNK in PCP signaling | Wnt6 cell implantation, siRNA, | GOF, LOF | trunk | chick | induced (GOF) or diminished (LOF) NC induction | [100] |
Wnt7b | ligand | RNA microinjection | GOF | cranial | Xenopus | increased NC induction (Snai2, Twist) | [102] |
Wnt8 | ligand, canonical pathway, downstream of Fgf8a | MO, mRNA injection | LOF, GOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective (LOF) NPB induction (Pax3, Sox8), rescued (GOF) NC in Fgf8a-deficient embryos | [83] |
| | dominant negative, RNA microinjection | LOF, GOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective (LOF) or increased (GOF) NC induction (Snai2) | [103] |
Wnt11 | ligand, non-canonical pathway | MO, dominant negative, RNA injection | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective (LOF) or enhanced (GOF) NC specification (Pax3, Foxd3, Sox8) | [84] |
Wnt11r | ligand, non-canonical pathway | MO | LOF | cranial | Xenopus | defective NC specification (Foxd3, Sox8) | [84] |