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Volume 14
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10.3390/cells14030167
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Article

Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells

by
Li Xiao
1,*,
Naohiro Shimamura
2,
Takashi Kamio
3,
Ryoji Ide
1,
Mai Mochizuki
4,5 and
Taka Nakahara
4
1
Department of Physiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
2
Department of Dental Anesthesiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
3
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
4
Department of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
5
Department of Life Science Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2025, 14(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030167
Submission received: 31 December 2024 / Revised: 16 January 2025 / Accepted: 21 January 2025 / Published: 22 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Regenerative Dentistry—Second Edition)
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Abstract

Three dimensional (3D) printing materials are widely used in dental applications, but their biocompatibility and interactions with human cells require evaluation. This study aimed to identify materials meeting biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and tissue-forming requirements for safe dental applications. We assessed the cytotoxicity of resins and thermoplastic filaments in human HaCaT keratinocytes, gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) using PrestoBlue assays. Three resins, including two types of surgical guide resins, exhibited strong cytotoxicity after 4–72 h, while 2 h exposure to an FDA-approved surgical guide resin did not affect SHED cell viability. In contrast, six thermoplastic filaments showed no significant cytotoxicity even after 72 h. Among these, polycarbonate–acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) demonstrated excellent toughness, heat resistance, and surface quality at a low cost. SHED cells cultured on PC-ABS dishes and micro bone structures showed strong proliferation and osteogenic potential. Culture inserts made of PC-ABS also supported the growth of HaCaT keratinocytes and the hGFs formed gingival tissue, which was superior to that formed on commercially available PET inserts. In conclusion, PC-ABS is a promising 3D printing material for dental applications due to its biocompatibility, ability to promote osteogenesis, and support for gingival tissue formation, with no observed cytotoxicity.
Keywords: 3D-printing technology; biocompatibility; surgical guide resin; PEEK; PC-ABS; osteogenesis; gingival tissue equivalents; culture insert; SHED 3D-printing technology; biocompatibility; surgical guide resin; PEEK; PC-ABS; osteogenesis; gingival tissue equivalents; culture insert; SHED

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xiao, L.; Shimamura, N.; Kamio, T.; Ide, R.; Mochizuki, M.; Nakahara, T. Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells. Cells 2025, 14, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030167

AMA Style

Xiao L, Shimamura N, Kamio T, Ide R, Mochizuki M, Nakahara T. Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells. Cells. 2025; 14(3):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030167

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao, Li, Naohiro Shimamura, Takashi Kamio, Ryoji Ide, Mai Mochizuki, and Taka Nakahara. 2025. "Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells" Cells 14, no. 3: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030167

APA Style

Xiao, L., Shimamura, N., Kamio, T., Ide, R., Mochizuki, M., & Nakahara, T. (2025). Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells. Cells, 14(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030167

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