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Volume 11
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Article

Plasma Metabolomic Alterations Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination Reveal Putative Biomarkers Reflecting the Immune Response

by
Ioanna Dagla
1,†,
Aikaterini Iliou
2,†,
Dimitra Benaki
2,
Evagelos Gikas
3,
Emmanuel Mikros
2,*,
Tina Bagratuni
4,
Efstathios Kastritis
4,
Meletios A. Dimopoulos
4,
Evangelos Terpos
4 and
Anthony Tsarbopoulos
1,5,*
1
The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, 145 62 Kifissia, Greece
2
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistiomiopolis, Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
3
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
4
Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistiomiopolis, Zografou, 115 28 Athens, Greece
5
Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistiomiopolis, Zografou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cells 2022, 11(7), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071241
Submission received: 22 February 2022 / Revised: 24 March 2022 / Accepted: 1 April 2022 / Published: 6 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Cellular Immunology and COVID-19)
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Abstract

Vaccination is currently the most effective strategy for the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic. mRNA vaccines trigger the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. However, the underlying molecular processes affecting immune response after vaccination remain poorly understood, while there is significant heterogeneity in the immune response among individuals. Metabolomics have often been used to provide a deeper understanding of immune cell responses, but in the context of COVID-19 vaccination such data are scarce. Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics were used to provide insights based on the baseline metabolic profile and metabolic alterations induced after mRNA vaccination in paired blood plasma samples collected and analysed before the first and second vaccination and at 3 months post first dose. Based on the level of NAbs just before the second dose, two groups, “low” and “high” responders, were defined. Distinct plasma metabolic profiles were observed in relation to the level of immune response, highlighting the role of amino acid metabolism and the lipid profile as predictive markers of response to vaccination. Furthermore, levels of plasma ceramides along with certain amino acids could emerge as predictive biomarkers of response and severity of inflammation.
Keywords: COVID-19; metabolomics; neutralizing antibodies (NAbs); NMR; LC-MS; ceramides COVID-19; metabolomics; neutralizing antibodies (NAbs); NMR; LC-MS; ceramides

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dagla, I.; Iliou, A.; Benaki, D.; Gikas, E.; Mikros, E.; Bagratuni, T.; Kastritis, E.; Dimopoulos, M.A.; Terpos, E.; Tsarbopoulos, A. Plasma Metabolomic Alterations Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination Reveal Putative Biomarkers Reflecting the Immune Response. Cells 2022, 11, 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071241

AMA Style

Dagla I, Iliou A, Benaki D, Gikas E, Mikros E, Bagratuni T, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Tsarbopoulos A. Plasma Metabolomic Alterations Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination Reveal Putative Biomarkers Reflecting the Immune Response. Cells. 2022; 11(7):1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071241

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dagla, Ioanna, Aikaterini Iliou, Dimitra Benaki, Evagelos Gikas, Emmanuel Mikros, Tina Bagratuni, Efstathios Kastritis, Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Evangelos Terpos, and Anthony Tsarbopoulos. 2022. "Plasma Metabolomic Alterations Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination Reveal Putative Biomarkers Reflecting the Immune Response" Cells 11, no. 7: 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071241

APA Style

Dagla, I., Iliou, A., Benaki, D., Gikas, E., Mikros, E., Bagratuni, T., Kastritis, E., Dimopoulos, M. A., Terpos, E., & Tsarbopoulos, A. (2022). Plasma Metabolomic Alterations Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination Reveal Putative Biomarkers Reflecting the Immune Response. Cells, 11(7), 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071241

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