Subviral Dense Bodies of Human Cytomegalovirus Induce an Antiviral Type I Interferon Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cells and Viruses
2.2. Purification of DBs and the UV-Inactivation
2.3. Application of the Virus Supernatants and DBs to the Cells
2.4. Plasmids
2.5. Antibodies
2.6. Reagents and Kits
2.7. Generation of the HFF-Knockout Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing
2.8. siRNA Knockdown
2.9. Immunoblot Analysis
2.10. Extraction of the Viral DNA
2.11. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (TaqMan qPCR) and Quantification of the Viral DNA
2.12. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. DBs Induce Antiviral IFN-Type I Responses
3.1.1. Mass Spec Analysis Reveals the IRGs to Be Differentially Regulated following the DB Exposure of HFFs
3.1.2. Confirmation of the Mass Spectrometry Results by the Immunoblot Analyses
3.1.3. IRG Induction in the HFFs Is Not Dependent on the PC
3.1.4. DBs Do Not Package STAT1, MX1, IFIT3, or ISG15
3.2. The Pentameric Complex Is Crucial for the DB-Induced IRG Expression in the Endothelial Cells
3.3. IRG Induction upon the DB-Application Requires IRF3
3.4. Induction of the IRGs by the DBs Depends on the Functionality of the IFN Signaling Pathway
3.5. CRISPR Cas9 Knockout and the siRNA Knockdown of PRRs and Their Adaptor Proteins
3.6. DNase Treatment of DBs Does Not Alter the IRG Expression
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Penner, I.; Büscher, N.; Dejung, M.; Freiwald, A.; Butter, F.; Plachter, B. Subviral Dense Bodies of Human Cytomegalovirus Induce an Antiviral Type I Interferon Response. Cells 2022, 11, 4028. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11244028
Penner I, Büscher N, Dejung M, Freiwald A, Butter F, Plachter B. Subviral Dense Bodies of Human Cytomegalovirus Induce an Antiviral Type I Interferon Response. Cells. 2022; 11(24):4028. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11244028
Chicago/Turabian StylePenner, Inessa, Nicole Büscher, Mario Dejung, Anja Freiwald, Falk Butter, and Bodo Plachter. 2022. "Subviral Dense Bodies of Human Cytomegalovirus Induce an Antiviral Type I Interferon Response" Cells 11, no. 24: 4028. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11244028