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Review

Is IIIG9 a New Protein with Exclusive Ciliary Function? Analysis of Its Potential Role in Cancer and Other Pathologies

by
María José Oviedo
1,†,
Eder Ramírez
1,†,
Manuel Cifuentes
2,3,
Carlos Farkas
4,
Andy Mella
5,6,
Romina Bertinat
7,
Roberto Gajardo
1,
Luciano Ferrada
1,8,
Nery Jara
7,
Isabelle De Lima
1,
Fernando Martínez
1,
Francisco Nualart
1,8 and
Katterine Salazar
1,8,*
1
Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile
2
Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, 29071 Malaga, Spain
3
Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain
4
Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepcion 4090541, Chile
5
Institute of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
6
Integrative Center of Biology and Applied Chemistry (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
7
Departament of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile
8
Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIOBIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cells 2022, 11(20), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203327
Submission received: 19 August 2022 / Revised: 23 September 2022 / Accepted: 3 October 2022 / Published: 21 October 2022
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Abstract

The identification of new proteins that regulate the function of one of the main cellular phosphatases, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), is essential to find possible pharmacological targets to alter phosphatase function in various cellular processes, including the initiation and development of multiple diseases. IIIG9 is a regulatory subunit of PP1 initially identified in highly polarized ciliated cells. In addition to its ciliary location in ependymal cells, we recently showed that IIIG9 has extraciliary functions that regulate the integrity of adherens junctions. In this review, we perform a detailed analysis of the expression, localization, and function of IIIG9 in adult and developing normal brains. In addition, we provide a 3D model of IIIG9 protein structure for the first time, verifying that the classic structural and conformational characteristics of the PP1 regulatory subunits are maintained. Our review is especially focused on finding evidence linking IIIG9 dysfunction with the course of some pathologies, such as ciliopathies, drug dependence, diseases based on neurological development, and the development of specific high-malignancy and -frequency brain tumors in the pediatric population. Finally, we propose that IIIG9 is a relevant regulator of PP1 function in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS.
Keywords: IIIG9; protein phosphatase 1; adherens junctions; ependymal cells; hydrocephaly; ciliopathies; ependymoma IIIG9; protein phosphatase 1; adherens junctions; ependymal cells; hydrocephaly; ciliopathies; ependymoma

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MDPI and ACS Style

Oviedo, M.J.; Ramírez, E.; Cifuentes, M.; Farkas, C.; Mella, A.; Bertinat, R.; Gajardo, R.; Ferrada, L.; Jara, N.; De Lima, I.; et al. Is IIIG9 a New Protein with Exclusive Ciliary Function? Analysis of Its Potential Role in Cancer and Other Pathologies. Cells 2022, 11, 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203327

AMA Style

Oviedo MJ, Ramírez E, Cifuentes M, Farkas C, Mella A, Bertinat R, Gajardo R, Ferrada L, Jara N, De Lima I, et al. Is IIIG9 a New Protein with Exclusive Ciliary Function? Analysis of Its Potential Role in Cancer and Other Pathologies. Cells. 2022; 11(20):3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203327

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oviedo, María José, Eder Ramírez, Manuel Cifuentes, Carlos Farkas, Andy Mella, Romina Bertinat, Roberto Gajardo, Luciano Ferrada, Nery Jara, Isabelle De Lima, and et al. 2022. "Is IIIG9 a New Protein with Exclusive Ciliary Function? Analysis of Its Potential Role in Cancer and Other Pathologies" Cells 11, no. 20: 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203327

APA Style

Oviedo, M. J., Ramírez, E., Cifuentes, M., Farkas, C., Mella, A., Bertinat, R., Gajardo, R., Ferrada, L., Jara, N., De Lima, I., Martínez, F., Nualart, F., & Salazar, K. (2022). Is IIIG9 a New Protein with Exclusive Ciliary Function? Analysis of Its Potential Role in Cancer and Other Pathologies. Cells, 11(20), 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203327

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