Imaging the Renal Microcirculation in Cell Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Renal Vasculature
2.1. The Renal Blood Circulation
2.2. The Capillary Networks of the Kidney
3. Renal Microvascular Malfunctions
3.1. Endothelial Dysfunction
3.2. Pericyte Involvement in Renal Malfunction
3.3. Endothelial Cell-Pericyte Signaling Interactions
3.4. Pericytes as Precursor of Myofibroblasts
4. Vascular Imaging Modalities
4.1. Ex Vivo
4.1.1. Microcomputed Tomography (Micro-CT)
4.1.2. Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM)
4.2. In Vivo
4.2.1. Multiphoton Microscopy (MPM)
4.2.2. Computed Tomography (CT)
4.2.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.2.4. Ultrasound
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Ang | Angiopoietin |
AKI | Acute kidney injury |
AP | Activator protein |
ATF | Activating transcription factor |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
AVR | Ascending vasa recta |
BOLD | Blood-oxygen-level dependent contrast |
CD | Cluster of differentiation |
CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
CLARITY | Clear lipid-exchanged acrylamide-hybridized rigid imaging |
CT | Computed tomography |
CTGF | Connective tissue growth factor |
CUBIC | Clear, unobstructed brain/body imaging cocktails and computational analysis |
DISCO | Three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs |
DVR | Descending vasa recta |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
ECi | Ethyl cinnamate |
ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
Fox | Forkhead box |
fUS | Functional ultrafast ultrasound |
GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
Gli | Glioma-associated oncogene homologue |
HIF | Hypoxia-inducible factor |
HVM | Hand-held vital microscopy |
hPSC | human pluripotent stem cell |
IRI | Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
LSFM | Light sheet fluorescence microscopy |
MBF | Medullary blood flow |
micro-CT | Microcomputed tomography |
MPM | Multiphoton microscopy |
MRA | Magnetic resonance angiography |
MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
MSCs | Mesenchymal stromal cells |
NG | Neuron-glial antigen |
NO | Nitric oxide |
OTC | Optical tissue clearing |
PDGFR | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor |
PKD | Polycystic kidney disease |
PTA | Phosphotungstic acid |
PW | Pulsed-wave |
RBF | Renal blood flow |
S1P | Sphingosine-1-phosphate |
SCL | Stem cell leukemia |
SD | Standard deviation |
SHANEL | Small-micelle-mediated human organ efficient clearing and labeling |
SMA | Smooth muscle actin |
SMCs | Smooth muscle cells |
TGF | Transforming growth factor |
ULM | Ultrasound localization microscopy |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VesSAP | Vessel segmentation & analysis pipeline |
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Apelt, K.; Bijkerk, R.; Lebrin, F.; Rabelink, T.J. Imaging the Renal Microcirculation in Cell Therapy. Cells 2021, 10, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051087
Apelt K, Bijkerk R, Lebrin F, Rabelink TJ. Imaging the Renal Microcirculation in Cell Therapy. Cells. 2021; 10(5):1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051087
Chicago/Turabian StyleApelt, Katerina, Roel Bijkerk, Franck Lebrin, and Ton J. Rabelink. 2021. "Imaging the Renal Microcirculation in Cell Therapy" Cells 10, no. 5: 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051087