An Analysis of the Neurological and Molecular Alterations Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Genetic Risk Factors
2.1. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 Mutations
2.2. ApoE4
2.3. Other Genetic Risk Factors of AD
3. Neurological and Molecular Alterations of AD
3.1. Amyloid Beta
3.2. Neurofibrillary Tangles
3.3. Neuronal Loss/Synaptic Loss
3.4. Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction
3.5. Inflammation
3.6. Defective Cholesterol Metabolism
3.7. Hypoxia
3.8. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
3.9. Oxidative Stress
3.10. Glucose Hypometabolism
3.11. Dysregulated Homeostasis of Metals and Heme
4. Models of AD
4.1. Cell Models
4.2. Mouse Models
5. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vidal, C.; Zhang, L. An Analysis of the Neurological and Molecular Alterations Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells 2021, 10, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030546
Vidal C, Zhang L. An Analysis of the Neurological and Molecular Alterations Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells. 2021; 10(3):546. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030546
Chicago/Turabian StyleVidal, Chantal, and Li Zhang. 2021. "An Analysis of the Neurological and Molecular Alterations Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease" Cells 10, no. 3: 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030546
APA StyleVidal, C., & Zhang, L. (2021). An Analysis of the Neurological and Molecular Alterations Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells, 10(3), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030546