Pre-Anthesis Nutritional Status of Spelt Wheat as a Tool for Predicting the Attainable Grain Yield
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
- (1)
- four rates of potassium: K1 → 0 kg ha−1; K2 → 18.75 kg ha−1; K3 → 37.5 kg ha−1; K4 → 75 kg ha−1,
- (2)
- two rates of magnesium: 0 kg Mg ha−1; 10.5 kg Mg ha−1 (7.5 + 3.0 kg Mg ha−1).
2.3. Experimental Measurements and Chemical Analysis
2.4. Yield-Gap Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grain Yield and Yield Components
3.2. Grain Yield Prediction Based on Nutrient Concentration in Leaves at Heading
3.3. Nutrient Content in Grain and its Relation to Grain Yield
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Depth, m | K Treatment | pH1 | P2 | K2 | Mg2 | Ca2 | NH4-N3 | NO3-N3 | Nmin3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | kg ha−1 | ||||||||
0–0.3 | K1 | 6.5 | 153.4 | 91.5 | 72.0 | 1213 | 3.7 | 29.4 | 33.1 |
K2 | 6.5 | 154.0 | 110.3 | 70.5 | 1169 | 3.9 | 26.7 | 30.6 | |
K3 | 6.5 | 154.3 | 129.5 | 72.0 | 1219 | 3.5 | 29.4 | 32.6 | |
K4 | 6.6 | 152.4 | 163.7 | 75.0 | 1166 | 4.5 | 31.6 | 36.1 | |
0.3–0.6 | K1 | 6.1 | 61.0 | 68.5 | 90.5 | 1390 | 3.8 | 12.2 | 16.0 |
K2 | 6.2 | 63.5 | 80.0 | 84.0 | 1401 | 3.7 | 10.1 | 13.8 | |
K3 | 5.9 | 65.0 | 86.5 | 105.5 | 1293 | 3.8 | 12.3 | 16.1 | |
K4 | 6.1 | 69.5 | 104.5 | 98.0 | 1328 | 3.7 | 11.7 | 15.4 |
Factor | Level of Factor | GY1 | NE | NGE | SD | TGW | PFPN | GY-L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t ha−1 | No m−1 | No ear−1 | No m−2 | g | kg kg−1 | t ha−1 | ||
Year (Y) | 2014 | 2.43a | 610.0b | 18.2a | 11212 | 28.9a | 32.4a | −2.351a |
2015 | 3.79b | 568.4b | 22.1b | 12597 | 54.8b | 63.1b | −0.996b | |
2016 | 4.48c | 504.2a | 22.9b | 11639 | 51.5b | 74.6c | −0.308c | |
F-value | 230.8*** | 15.4*** | 41.7*** | 2.83 | 977.6*** | 410.8*** | 230.8*** | |
K rate kg ha−1 | 0.0 | 3.33a | 555.6ab | 19.4a | 10745a | 44.8 | 52.9a | 1.457b |
18.8 | 3.66b | 536.5a | 20.9ab | 11164a | 45.1 | 58.5b | 1.208a | |
37.5 | 3.65b | 599.6b | 22.6c | 13573b | 45.7 | 57.8b | 1.138a | |
75.0 | 3.63b | 551.8ab | 21.4bc | 11782ab | 44.7 | 57.7b | 1.159a | |
F-value | 4.08** | 3.00** | 8.50*** | 6.55*** | 0.81ns | 4.39** | 4.1** | |
Mg rate kg ha−1 | 0.0 | 3.42a | 548.1 | 20.4a | 11151a | 44.7 | 54.5a | 1.360b |
10.5 | 3.71b | 573.7 | 21.8b | 12481b | 45.5 | 59.0b | 1.078a | |
F-value | 12.9*** | 2.65 | 9.42*** | 7.46** | 2.73 | 13.1*** | 12.9*** | |
F-values for interaction | ||||||||
Y × K | 6.09*** | 1.04ns | 0.76ns | 1.05ns | 0.69ns | 6.61*** | 6.09*** | |
Y × Mg | 0.22ns | 0.28ns | 0.01ns | 0.05ns | 1.42ns | 0.47ns | 0.22ns | |
K × Mg | 2.24ns | 0.26ns | 0.47ns | 0.35ns | 1.16ns | 2.26ns | 2.24ns | |
Y × K × Mg | 3.65** | 1.10ns | 0.93ns | 1.12ns | 2.73* | 3.49** | 3.65** |
Factor | Level of Factor | N | P | K | Mg | Ca | Mn | Zn | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g kg−1 | mg kg−1 | ||||||||
Year (Y) | 2014 | 12.4a | 2.4a | 23.0a | 1.7b | 0.3b | 45.7a | 14.1a | 2.1a |
2015 | 23.5c | 3.9c | 31.0c | 1.0a | 0.2a | 47.1ab | 13.9a | 5.7c | |
2016 | 19.4b | 3.3b | 26.2b | 2.5c | 0.2a | 51.9b | 24.1b | 3.9b | |
F-value | 166.5*** | 129.9*** | 36.8*** | 274.5*** | 123.7*** | 3.36* | 84.0*** | 160.8*** | |
K rate kg ha−1 | 0.0 | 16.9a | 3.2 | 25.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 47.5 | 17.5 | 3.9 |
18.8 | 19.0b | 3.2 | 26.5 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 51.1 | 16.7 | 4.0 | |
37.5 | 19.0b | 3.2 | 28.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 48.6 | 18.2 | 3.9 | |
75.0 | 18.7b | 3.1 | 26.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 45.7 | 16.8 | 3.8 | |
F-value | 3.87* | 1.23ns | 1.90ns | 1.33ns | 0.33ns | 1.20ns | 1.77ns | 0.34ns | |
Mg rate kg ha−1 | 0.0 | 18.5 | 3.2 | 26.9 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 49.4 | 16.8 | 4.0 |
10.5 | 18.3 | 3.1 | 26.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 47.1 | 17.9 | 3.8 | |
F-value | 0.12ns | 1.36ns | 0.33ns | 2.22ns | 0.12ns | 1.27ns | 0.02ns | 2.54ns | |
F-values for interaction | |||||||||
Y × K | 0.12ns | 1.87ns | 0.43ns | 0.75ns | 1.60ns | 1.11ns | 0.87ns | 0.36ns | |
Y × Mg | 1.09ns | 0.32ns | 1.60ns | 0.89ns | 0.26ns | 1.61ns | 0.07ns | 0.74ns | |
K × Mg | 0.12ns | 1.44ns | 0.59ns | 1.23ns | 3.32* | 1.20ns | 3.53* | 1.39ns | |
Y × K × Mg | 0.46ns | 0.7ns | 0.45ns | 2.90* | 1.31ns | 1.87ns | 1.75ns | 0.36ns |
Traits | P | K | Mg | Ca | Mn | Cu | Zn | NE1 | NGE | TGW | GY | PFPN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 0.93*** | 0.89*** | −0.33 | −0.76*** | 0.13 | 0.95*** | −0.11 | −0.38 | 0.73*** | 0.94*** | 0.71*** | 0.77*** |
P | 0.89*** | −0.34 | −0.71*** | 0.15 | 0.97*** | −0.07 | −0.37 | 0.61** | 0.91*** | 0.60** | 0.67*** | |
K | −0.50* | −0.47* | 0.18 | 0.91*** | −0.10 | −0.12 | 0.59** | 0.77*** | 0.44* | 0.51* | ||
Mg | −0.23 | 0.30 | −0.43* | 0.77*** | −0.39 | 0.18 | −0.07 | 0.34 | 0.29 | |||
Ca | −0.13 | −0.65** | −0.50** | 0.69*** | −0.74*** | −0.90*** | −0.88*** | −0.91*** | ||||
Mn | 0.13 | 0.33 | −0.35 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.28 | |||||
Cu | −0.01 | −0.31 | 0.56** | 0.90*** | 0.57** | 0.64** | ||||||
Zn | −0.39 | 0.47* | 0.34 | 0.67*** | 0.64** | |||||||
NE1 | −0.27 | −0.51* | −0.54** | −0.57** | ||||||||
NGE | 0.78*** | 0.84*** | 0.84*** | |||||||||
TGW | 0.84*** | 0.89*** | ||||||||||
GY | 0.99*** |
Factor | Level of Factor | N | P | K | Mg | Ca | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g kg−1 | mg kg−1 | |||||||||
Year (Y) | 2014 | 23.7ab | 2.3b | 4.6b | 0.97b | 0.31c | 40.8c | 18.6b | 21.2b | 3.2ab |
2015 | 24.7b | 3.2c | 3.7a | 0.77a | 0.15a | 35.1b | 13.7a | 18.7a | 2.3a | |
2016 | 22.7a | 1.6a | 4.5ab | 1.11c | 0.29b | 29.3a | 21.7c | 23.1c | 3.3b | |
F-value | 9.92*** | 189.4*** | 34.6*** | 121.1*** | 281.4*** | 35.3*** | 58.0*** | 16.9*** | 18.6*** | |
K rate kg ha−1 | 0.0 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 34.2 | 18.0 | 21.7 | 2.8 |
18.8 | 24.1 | 2.4 | 4.1 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 35.3 | 17.0 | 20.9 | 2.8 | |
37.5 | 23.1 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 0.96 | 0.24 | 33.8 | 17.8 | 20.2 | 3.2 | |
75.0 | 23.7 | 2.3 | 4.4 | 0.97 | 0.25 | 36.8 | 19.3 | 21.3 | 2.9 | |
F-value | 1.32ns | 0.11ns | 1.10ns | 0.29ns | 4.12** | 1.49ns | 2.31ns | 0.98ns | 1.39ns | |
Mg rate kg ha−1 | 0.0 | 23.9 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 0.95 | 0.25 | 35.4 | 17.8 | 20.9 | 2.9 |
10.5 | 23.5 | 2.4 | 4.3 | 0.96 | 0.24 | 34.7 | 18.3 | 21.1 | 2.9 | |
F-value | 1.20ns | 0.03ns | 2.57ns | 0.61ns | 2.68ns | 0.36ns | 0.60ns | 0.04ns | 0.08ns | |
F-values for interaction | ||||||||||
Y × K | 1.29ns | 0.96ns | 0.46ns | 0.33 | 4.90*** | 0.39ns | 0.66ns | 2.33* | 1.07ns | |
Y × Mg | 0.16ns | 0.48ns | 0.07ns | 0.04 | 0.63ns | 0.35ns | 0.62ns | 0.34ns | 0.44ns | |
K × Mg | 0.80ns | 2.27ns | 4.29** | 2.22 | 15.2*** | 1.73ns | 0.49ns | 0.80ns | 0.15ns | |
Y × K × Mg | 3.45** | 0.85ns | 0.19ns | 0.69 | 11.1*** | 0.24ns | 1.16ns | 0.64ns | 0.33ns |
Traits | P | K | Mg | Ca | Fe | Mn | Cu | Zn | NE | NGE | TGW | GY | PFPN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 0.58** | −0.37 | −0.54** | −0.40 | 0.28 | −0.39 | −0.51* | −0.50* | −0.03 | −0.23 | 0.03 | −0.37 | −0.30 |
P | −0.72*** | −0.93*** | −0.73*** | 0.48* | −0.71*** | −0.79*** | −0.89*** | 0.39 | −0.07 | 0.21 | −0.19 | −0.14 | |
K | 0.79*** | 0.82*** | 0.08 | 0.69*** | 0.79*** | 0.82*** | −0.03 | −0.28 | −0.59** | −0.22 | −0.29 | ||
Mg | 0.77*** | −0.43* | 0.83*** | 0.78*** | 0.96*** | −0.42* | 0.13 | −0.17 | 0.26 | 0.20 | |||
Ca | 0.09 | 0.71*** | 0.75*** | 0.77*** | −0.12 | −0.38 | −0.65** | −0.25 | −0.32 | ||||
Fe | −0.28 | −0.08 | −0.32 | 0.72*** | −0.62** | −0.71*** | −0.79*** | −0.81*** | |||||
Mn | 0.68*** | 0.85*** | −0.39 | 0.03 | −0.24 | 0.15 | 0.12 | ||||||
Cu | 0.81*** | −0.51* | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.11 | −0.17 | |||||||
Zn | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.46* | 0.17 | 0.11 | ||||||||
NE | −0.27 | −0.51** | −0.54** | −0.57** | |||||||||
NGE | 0.78*** | 0.84*** | 0.84** | ||||||||||
TGW | 0.84*** | 0.89*** | |||||||||||
GY | 0.98*** |
Variables | Ng 2 | Pg | Kg | Mgg | Cag | Feg | Mng | Zng | Cug |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nh1 | 0.17 | 0.42* | −0.71*** | −0.37 | −0.74*** | −0.49* | −0.42* | −0.29 | −0.56** |
Ph | 0.26 | 0.45* | −0.75*** | −0.41* | −0.75*** | −0.49* | −0.46* | −0.34 | −0.59** |
Kh | 0.24 | 0.56** | −0.80*** | −0.57** | −0.81*** | −0.27 | −0.60** | −0.54** | −0.64** |
Mgh | −0.67*** | −0.94*** | 0.65** | 0.91*** | 0.68*** | −0.55** | 0.86*** | 0.72*** | 0.75*** |
Cah | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.25 | −0.21 | 0.30 | 0.82*** | −0.11 | −0.20 | 0.21 |
Mnh | −0.03 | −0.32 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.09 | −0.40 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.10 |
Znh | −0.64** | −0.68*** | 0.22 | 0.67*** | 0.23 | −0.74*** | 0.61** | 0.43* | 0.42* |
Cuh | 0.30 | 0.54** | −0.83*** | −0.53** | −0.83*** | −0.42* | −0.58** | −0.45* | −0.72*** |
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Grzebisz, W.; Barłóg, P.; Kryszak, J.; Łukowiak, R. Pre-Anthesis Nutritional Status of Spelt Wheat as a Tool for Predicting the Attainable Grain Yield. Agronomy 2019, 9, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090558
Grzebisz W, Barłóg P, Kryszak J, Łukowiak R. Pre-Anthesis Nutritional Status of Spelt Wheat as a Tool for Predicting the Attainable Grain Yield. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090558
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrzebisz, Witold, Przemysław Barłóg, Jan Kryszak, and Remigiusz Łukowiak. 2019. "Pre-Anthesis Nutritional Status of Spelt Wheat as a Tool for Predicting the Attainable Grain Yield" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090558