Optimization of Herbicide Use: Study on Spreading and Evaporation Characteristics of Glyphosate-Organic Silicone Mixture Droplets on Weed Leaves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Chemicals Preparation
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.3. Determination of the Evaporation Duration and Spread Area
- S = spreading area, mm2;
- Sθ = area of the standard card, mm2;
- n = pixel amount of the spreading area;
- nθ = pixel amount of the standard card.
2.4. Statistical Data Analysis
- Y = the measuring results (the maximum spreading area or the evaporation duration);
- D = the upper limit of the curve;
- C = the lower limit;
- b = proportional to the slope around ED50, the dose at which the measuring result is reduced or increased by 50%.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Droplet Spreading Area
- γ = the surface tension of the droplet, N m−1;
- γ0 = the surface tension of pure solvent, N m−1;
- c = the concentration of solution, mol L−1;
- cθ = the concentration of the standard solution, mol L−1;
- b and K′ are constants.
- ΔG = the change of Gibbs Free Energy pre area unit during the spreading process, J m−2;
- γl–s = the interfacial tension between droplet and leaf surface, N m−1;
- γg–l = the interfacial tension between atmosphere and droplet, N m−1;
- γg–s = the interfacial tension between the atmosphere and leaf surface, N m−1.
- The spreading procedure could be explained by Young’s Equation [26],
3.2. Droplet Evaporation Duration
- xA = the volume fraction of water in the droplet mixture;
- xB = the volume fraction of glyphosate in the droplet mixture;
- pA = the vapor pressure of water, Pa;
- pB = the vapor pressure of glyphosate, Pa;
- pA* = the saturated vapor pressure of water, Pa;
- pB* = the saturated vapor pressure of glyphosate, Pa;
- p = the saturated vapor pressure of the mixture, Pa.
- ΔvapHm = the standard molar enthalpy of vaporization, J moL−1;
- T = environmental temperature, K;
- R = Boltzman constant, J moL−1·K−1.
3.3. Surfactant Application by Leaf Structures
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Volume Fraction of the Organic Silicone | Mass of the Methylene Blue (g) | Volume of the Organic Silicone (μL) | Volume of MEDA® (μL) |
---|---|---|---|
Water | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0% | 0.005 | 0 | 50 |
0.010% | 0.005 | 1.0 | 50 |
0.025% | 0.005 | 2.5 | 50 |
0.050% | 0.005 | 5.0 | 50 |
0.100% | 0.005 | 10.0 | 50 |
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Li, H.; Travlos, I.; Qi, L.; Kanatas, P.; Wang, P. Optimization of Herbicide Use: Study on Spreading and Evaporation Characteristics of Glyphosate-Organic Silicone Mixture Droplets on Weed Leaves. Agronomy 2019, 9, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090547
Li H, Travlos I, Qi L, Kanatas P, Wang P. Optimization of Herbicide Use: Study on Spreading and Evaporation Characteristics of Glyphosate-Organic Silicone Mixture Droplets on Weed Leaves. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090547
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Hui, Ilias Travlos, Lijun Qi, Panagiotis Kanatas, and Pei Wang. 2019. "Optimization of Herbicide Use: Study on Spreading and Evaporation Characteristics of Glyphosate-Organic Silicone Mixture Droplets on Weed Leaves" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090547