Evaluation of Mobile Heat Treatment System for Treating In-Field HLB-Affected Trees by Analyzing Survival Rate of Surrogate Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mobile Heat Treatment System
2.2. Temperature Acquisition System
2.3. Biosensors
2.4. Experimental Design
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Heat Distribution and Uniformity During Treatment
3.2. Biosensors Survival Rate after Heat Treatment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thermal Sensor No. | Coordinate (cm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | ||
Zone 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 30.50 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 48.25 | |
3 | 0 | 0 | 63.50 | |
4 | 0 | 0 | 91.45 | |
Zone 2 | 5 | −101.60 | −81.28 | 114.30 |
6 | −43.18 | 76.20 | 106.68 | |
7 | 45.72 | 12.70 | 119.38 | |
8 | −29.94 | −12.70 | 109.22 | |
Zone 3 | 9 | 7.62 | −83.82 | 152.40 |
10 | −53.34 | 17.78 | 172.72 | |
11 | 17.78 | 25.40 | 182.88 | |
12 | −88.90 | −53.34 | 170.18 |
No. of Biosensor | Coordinate (cm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | ||
Zone 2 | 1 | −60 | −30 | 94 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 94 | |
3 | 66 | 0 | 90 | |
4 | −20 | −90 | 107 | |
5 | 54 | 15 | 174 | |
6 | 0 | −107 | 175 | |
7 | −116 | 0 | 94 | |
Zone 3 | 8 | −38 | −45 | 100 |
9 | −110 | −20 | 176 | |
10 | −110 | −20 | 190 | |
11 | −50 | 62 | 90 | |
12 | 25 | 0 | 95 | |
13 | 17 | −35 | 190 | |
14 | −43 | 36 | 107 |
Variety | Hamlin |
---|---|
Species | Citrus Sinensis |
Origin | Florida, USA |
Age | 6 years |
Average size | 2.3 m height × 2 m width |
Disease | HLB (Citrus Greening) |
Location | 26.4608° N, 81.4359° W |
Experiment No. ** | Time (s) | Trunk (Zone 1) | Canopy (Zones 2 and 3) | Tree (Zones 1–3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | SD | Temperature (°C) | SD | Temperature (°C) | SD | ||
1.1 | 252.0 | 50.57 | 1.81 | 54.30 | 1.18 | 54.22 | 1.09 |
1.2 | 257.0 | 51.40 | 1.31 | 53.97 | 1.21 | 53.92 | 1.05 |
1.3 | 246.0 | 50.00 | 1.45 | 53.81 | 1.19 | 53.68 | 1.15 |
Average | 251.6 | 50.65 | 54.03 | 53.94 |
Biosensor Sample No. | Survival Ratio | Cell Number | Colonies (Rep 1) | Colonies (Rep 2) | Colonies (Rep 3) | Dilution | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC (Lab control) | 1.33 × 106 | 12 | 11 | 17 | 1.00 × 105 | ||
FC (Field control) | 100 | 2.47 × 106 | 29 | 26 | 19 | 1.00 × 105 | |
1 | 0.0091 | −4.04 | 2.23 × 102 | 28 | 18 | 21 | 1.00 × 101 |
2 | 0.0000 | killed | 0.00 × 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 × 101 |
3 | 0.0004 | −5.39 | 1.00 × 101 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 × 101 |
4 | 0.0004 | −5.39 | 1.00 × 101 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.00 × 101 |
5 | 0.0000 | killed | 0.00 × 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 × 101 |
6 | 0.0000 | killed | 0.00 × 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 × 101 |
7 | 0.0446 | −3.35 | 1.10 × 103 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 1.00 × 101 |
8 | 0.0001 | −5.87 | 3.33 × 100 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 × 101 |
9 | 0.0000 | killed | 0.00 × 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 × 101 |
10 | 0.0000 | killed | 0.00 × 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 × 101 |
11 | 0.0008 | −5.09 | 2.00 × 102 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1.00 × 101 |
12 | 0.0446 | −3.35 | 1.10 × 103 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 1.00 × 102 |
13 | 0.0005 | −5.27 | 1.33 × 101 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.00 × 101 |
14 | 0.0014 | −4.87 | 3.33 × 101 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 1.00 × 101 |
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Ghatrehsamani, S.; Czarnecka, E.; Verner, F.L.; Gurley, W.B.; Ehsani, R.; Ampatzidis, Y. Evaluation of Mobile Heat Treatment System for Treating In-Field HLB-Affected Trees by Analyzing Survival Rate of Surrogate Bacteria. Agronomy 2019, 9, 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090540
Ghatrehsamani S, Czarnecka E, Verner FL, Gurley WB, Ehsani R, Ampatzidis Y. Evaluation of Mobile Heat Treatment System for Treating In-Field HLB-Affected Trees by Analyzing Survival Rate of Surrogate Bacteria. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090540
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhatrehsamani, Shirin, Eva Czarnecka, F. Lance Verner, William B. Gurley, Reza Ehsani, and Yiannis Ampatzidis. 2019. "Evaluation of Mobile Heat Treatment System for Treating In-Field HLB-Affected Trees by Analyzing Survival Rate of Surrogate Bacteria" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090540