Net Enclosure of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Gala’ Apple Trees at Different Bloom Stages Affects Fruit Set and Alters Seed Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3. Preharvest Measurements and Yield Components
2.4. Postharvest Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fruit Set
3.2. Seed Number
3.3. Yield and Fruit Weight
3.4. Fruit Quality Attributes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Targeted King Bloom% | Actual King Bloom % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
‘Gala’ | ‘Honeycrisp’ | |||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Non-netted | (Nonthinned) | (Nonthinned) | (Nonthinned) | (Thinned 2017) |
Non-netted | (Hand thinned) | (Hand thinned) | (Nonthinned) | |
Non-netted | (Hand thinned) | |||
0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
20% | 26% | 20% | 23% | 28% |
40% | 60% | 40% | 58% | 68% |
80% | 95% | 80% |
Treatments | Avg. Tree Yield | YE | Cropload | Fruit Weight | Red Color | Firmness | SSC | Shape z | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg) | (Fruit No.) | (kg·cm−2) | (Fruit No./cm2) | (g) | (%) | (kg) | (%) | Height/Width | |
‘Gala’ 2017 | |||||||||
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 23 | 181.1 | 0.64 | 4.9 | 127.2 | 39 | 3.8 a y | 12.1 | 1.1 |
Netted 0% (Pink w) | 20.6 | 160.3 | 0.66 | 5.1 | 128.2 | 41 | 3.7 ab | 12 | 1.1 |
Netted 26% (KB) | 21.5 | 164.5 | 0.6 | 4.9 | 130.5 | 36 | 3.6 bc | 11.9 | 1.1 |
Netted 60% (KB) | 21.5 | 159 | 0.6 | 4.6 | 135.5 | 33 | 3.5 c | 11.8 | 1.5 |
Netted 95% (KB) | 20.9 | 162.6 | 0.6 | 4.9 | 128.4 | 35 | 3.8 a | 11.8 | 1.1 |
‘Gala’ 2018 | |||||||||
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 29.8 | 212.1 | 0.82 | 5.8 | 139.9 | 43.5 | 6 | 12.4 | 0.93 |
Non-netted (Hand thinned) | 26.8 | 190.6 | 0.74 | 5.3 | 140.4 | 54.1 | 5.2 | 11.6 | 0.94 |
Netted 0% (Pink) | 26.6 | 215.1 | 0.86 | 6.9 | 126 | 48 | 5.5 | 11.3 | 0.97 |
Netted 20% (KB) | 27.9 | 233 | 0.84 | 6.9 | 119.5 | 40.1 | 5.6 | 11.1 | 0.98 |
Netted 40% (KB) | 25.2 | 209.8 | 0.73 | 6.1 | 121.1 | 42.6 | 5.9 | 11.6 | 0.96 |
Netted 80% (KB) | 25.7 | 218.8 | 0.80 | 6.8 | 120.7 | 45.6 | 5.4 | 11.4 | 0.92 |
Treatments | Avg. Tree Yield | YE | Cropload | Fruit Weight | Red Color | Firmness | Dry Matter | SSC | Shape z | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg) | (Fruit no.) | (kg·cm−2) | (Fruit no./cm2) | (g) | (%) | (kg) | (%) | (%) | % Misshapen | |
‘Honeycrisp’ 2017 | ||||||||||
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 35.1 a y | 366 a | 1.4 a | 14.5 a | 96 c | 53 a | 6.5 | 14.5 d | 11.1 b | 47.6 |
Non-netted (Hand thinned) | 27.8 ab | 139 b | 1 b | 5 c | 204 a | 46 a | 6.6 | 15.2 bc | 11.4 ab | 33.8 |
Netted 0% (Pink w) | 22.3 b | 148 b | 0.9 b | 6.3 bc | 155 b | 44 ab | 6.7 | 15.8 a | 12 a | 45.1 |
Netted 23% (KB) | 31.7 ab | 213 b | 1.1 b | 7.1 bc | 151 b | 32 b | 6.5 | 15.6 ab | 11.5 ab | 47.7 |
Netted 58% (KB) | 31.6 ab | 217 b | 1.2 ab | 8.4 b | 146 b | 31 b | 6.3 | 14.8 cd | 11 b | 48.4 |
‘Honeycrisp’ 2018 | ||||||||||
Non-netted (Thinned 2017) | 31.7 a | 338 a | 1 a | 11.1 a | 94 c | 55 ab | 7.1 c | 15.1 b | 12.1 d | 45.1 |
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 5.1 c | 35 b | 0.18 c | 1.2 b | 152 b | 68 a | 8.3 a | 17.6 a | 14.7 a | 32.9 |
Non-netted (Hand thinned) | 16.9 b | 74 b | 0.58 b | 2.5 b | 234 a | 52 bc | 7.6 b | 17.3 a | 14.2 a | 48 |
Netted 0% (Pink) | 12.1 bc | 50 b | 0.47 bc | 2 b | 240 a | 40 c | 7.6 b | 17.3 a | 13.6 b | 54.5 |
Netted 28% (KB) | 14.9 bc | 59 b | 0.46 bc | 1.8 b | 257 a | 45 bc | 7.5 bc | 17.1 a | 13 c | 56.4 |
Netted 68% (KB) | 16.9 b | 71 b | 0.58 b | 2.4 b | 242 a | 49 bc | 7.6 b | 17.2 a | 13.3 bc | 51.6 |
Treatments | Fruit Weight | Firmness | SSC | Starch | Acidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g) | (kg) | (%) | (1–10) | (%) | |
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 115.1 | 6.3 | 12.4 | 7.1 | 0.27 |
Non-netted (Hand thinned) | 137.1 | 6.5 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 0.27 |
Netted 0% (Pink z) | 123.9 | 6.5 | 11.3 | 7.8 | 0.28 |
Netted 20% (KB) | 116.8 | 6.2 | 11.1 | 7.7 | 0.23 |
Netted 40 (KB) | 124.8 | 6.2 | 11.6 | 8 | 0.24 |
Netted 80% (KB) | 135.4 | 6.3 | 11.4 | 7.6 | 0.25 |
Treatments | Avg. Weight Loss | Red Color | Firmness | Dry Matter | SSC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g) | (%) | (kg) | (%) | (%) | |
‘Honeycrisp’ 2017 | |||||
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 2.8 c z | 49 a | 6.3 b | 14.2 c | 10.8 c |
Non-netted (Hand thinned) | 4 a | 44 a | 6.5 ab | 15.4 ab | 11.6 ab |
Netted 0% (Pink) y | 3.8 ab | 42 a | 6.7 a | 15.7 a | 12 a |
Netted 23% (KB) | 3.4 b | 23 b | 6.5 ab | 15.3 ab | 11.1 bc |
Netted 58% (KB) | 3.7 ab | 31 b | 6.5 ab | 15.1 b | 11.1 bc |
‘Honeycrisp’ 2018 | |||||
Non-netted (Thinned 2017) | 2.9 c | 55 b | 7.2 c | 15.4 c | 12 e |
Non-netted (Nonthinned) | 4.7 a | 67 a | 8.1 a | 17.5 ab | 14.5 a |
Non-netted (Hand thinned) | 4 b | 53 b | 7.6 b | 17.5 ab | 14.1 a |
Netted 0% (Pink) | 4.3 ab | 45 bc | 7.5 bc | 17 ab | 13.4 b |
Netted 28% (KB) | 4.7 a | 47 b | 7.6 b | 17.6 a | 13.3 c |
Netted 68% (KB) | 4.4 ab | 51 b | 7.5 bc | 16.7 b | 12.6 d |
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Elsysy, M.; Serra, S.; Schwallier, P.; Musacchi, S.; Einhorn, T. Net Enclosure of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Gala’ Apple Trees at Different Bloom Stages Affects Fruit Set and Alters Seed Production. Agronomy 2019, 9, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090478
Elsysy M, Serra S, Schwallier P, Musacchi S, Einhorn T. Net Enclosure of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Gala’ Apple Trees at Different Bloom Stages Affects Fruit Set and Alters Seed Production. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090478
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsysy, Mokhles, Sara Serra, Phil Schwallier, Stefano Musacchi, and Todd Einhorn. 2019. "Net Enclosure of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Gala’ Apple Trees at Different Bloom Stages Affects Fruit Set and Alters Seed Production" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090478