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Agronomy
Volume 15
Issue 9
10.3390/agronomy15092090
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Effect of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) Cultivation Under Glass with a Light Spectrum-Modifying Luminophore on Crop Traits

by
Barbara Tokarz
1,*,
Zbigniew Gajewski
1,
Wojciech Makowski
1,
Stanisław Mazur
1,
Agnieszka Kiełkowska
2,
Edward Kunicki
3,
Olgierd Jeremiasz
4,
Waldemar Szendera
5,
Wojciech Wesołowski
2 and
Krzysztof M. Tokarz
1,*
1
Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
2
Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
3
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
4
Helioenergia Sp. z o.o., ul. Rybnicka 68, 44-238 Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Poland
5
The Karol Godula Upper Silesian Academy of Entrepreneurship in Chorzow, ul. Raclawicka 23, 41-506 Chorzow, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(9), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092090 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 June 2025 / Revised: 17 August 2025 / Accepted: 26 August 2025 / Published: 30 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate crop characteristics, including morpho-anatomical features and nutritional and health-promoting composition, of head lettuce cultivated in greenhouses covered with transparent glass (control) and glass containing a red luminophore (red). The plant material comprised two lettuce types: butterhead and iceberg. Alterations were observed in head dimensions, morphology, and leaf mesophyll structure of plants from the red greenhouse. Butterhead lettuce plants exhibited unaltered head area under tested conditions but displayed a reduction in accumulated sugars and amino acids, resulting in a decline in dry matter content. Conversely, an increase in soluble and insoluble sugars and amino acid content, along with no change in nitrate content, was observed in iceberg lettuce. However, the growth intensity of iceberg lettuce decreased, while its dry matter content increased. Moreover, phenols and vitamin C concentration were lower in iceberg lettuce than in the butterhead one. In the red greenhouse, the phenolic content declined in both lettuce types, but vitamin C levels were reduced in butterhead lettuce and remained unchanged in iceberg lettuce. The data clearly demonstrate that the extent of variation in crop characteristics observed in lettuce cultivated in the red greenhouse depended on the tested lettuce type, with notable alterations occurring in iceberg lettuce.
Keywords: amino acids; antioxidant capacity; leaf anatomy; nitrates; phenolic compounds; red luminophore amino acids; antioxidant capacity; leaf anatomy; nitrates; phenolic compounds; red luminophore

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tokarz, B.; Gajewski, Z.; Makowski, W.; Mazur, S.; Kiełkowska, A.; Kunicki, E.; Jeremiasz, O.; Szendera, W.; Wesołowski, W.; Tokarz, K.M. The Effect of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) Cultivation Under Glass with a Light Spectrum-Modifying Luminophore on Crop Traits. Agronomy 2025, 15, 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092090

AMA Style

Tokarz B, Gajewski Z, Makowski W, Mazur S, Kiełkowska A, Kunicki E, Jeremiasz O, Szendera W, Wesołowski W, Tokarz KM. The Effect of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) Cultivation Under Glass with a Light Spectrum-Modifying Luminophore on Crop Traits. Agronomy. 2025; 15(9):2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092090

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tokarz, Barbara, Zbigniew Gajewski, Wojciech Makowski, Stanisław Mazur, Agnieszka Kiełkowska, Edward Kunicki, Olgierd Jeremiasz, Waldemar Szendera, Wojciech Wesołowski, and Krzysztof M. Tokarz. 2025. "The Effect of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) Cultivation Under Glass with a Light Spectrum-Modifying Luminophore on Crop Traits" Agronomy 15, no. 9: 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092090

APA Style

Tokarz, B., Gajewski, Z., Makowski, W., Mazur, S., Kiełkowska, A., Kunicki, E., Jeremiasz, O., Szendera, W., Wesołowski, W., & Tokarz, K. M. (2025). The Effect of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) Cultivation Under Glass with a Light Spectrum-Modifying Luminophore on Crop Traits. Agronomy, 15(9), 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092090

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