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Agronomy
Volume 15
Issue 6
10.3390/agronomy15061280
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Yield, Protein, and Starch Equilibrium of Indigenous Varieties: An Open Door for Computational Breeding in Enhancing Selection Strategies

by
Gabriela Gorinoiu
1,
Cerasela Petolescu
2,
Alina Laura Agapie
1,
Ciprian Buzna
1,
Petru Rain
1,
Nicolae Marinel Horablaga
1,3,
Adina Horablaga
3,
Ionel Samfira
1,3,
Marius Valentin Boldea
4,
Irina Petrescu
2,
Ioan Sarac
2 and
Emilian Onisan
2,*
1
Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin, 307250 Lovrin, Romania
2
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Technologies, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
3
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
4
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, 300641 Timisoara, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061280
Submission received: 19 March 2025 / Revised: 18 May 2025 / Accepted: 20 May 2025 / Published: 23 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Crop Simulation Modelling)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Given the increasing demand for wheat and the challenges of climate change, it is essential for breeding programs to adapt their strategies to reach the maximum biological potential of new varieties faster. Our study investigates the relationship between wheat yield, protein content, and starch accumulation over five years of Romanian winter wheat varieties. This study included a total of 25 wheat varieties, comprising 16 newly developed ones and 9 varieties registered and cultivated in Romania. The experiment was conducted in three replications over a period of five years. To monitor the equilibrium pattern, the Glosa variety was used as a reference, known for its optimal balance of yield and protein across Romania, as reported in several studies and farmers’ reports. Our research results indicate an inverse correlation between protein content and yield, whereas starch content exhibits a positive correlation with yield among the wheat varieties analyzed. K-means and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) identified Glosa, Lovrin02, Lovrin08, and Boema as the most balanced varieties regarding yield and grain quality stability. The equilibrium model revealed in the results offers information on trait inheritance and heritability, as similar equilibrium patterns were observed across the 25 analyzed varieties over a five-year testing period. Furthermore, integrating an equilibrium model into computational breeding could provide a framework for enabling breeding programs to optimize yield and grain composition while eliminating low-potential varieties.
Keywords: wheat varieties; sustainable breeding; yield-protein-starch equilibrium; computational breeding wheat varieties; sustainable breeding; yield-protein-starch equilibrium; computational breeding

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gorinoiu, G.; Petolescu, C.; Agapie, A.L.; Buzna, C.; Rain, P.; Horablaga, N.M.; Horablaga, A.; Samfira, I.; Boldea, M.V.; Petrescu, I.; et al. Yield, Protein, and Starch Equilibrium of Indigenous Varieties: An Open Door for Computational Breeding in Enhancing Selection Strategies. Agronomy 2025, 15, 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061280

AMA Style

Gorinoiu G, Petolescu C, Agapie AL, Buzna C, Rain P, Horablaga NM, Horablaga A, Samfira I, Boldea MV, Petrescu I, et al. Yield, Protein, and Starch Equilibrium of Indigenous Varieties: An Open Door for Computational Breeding in Enhancing Selection Strategies. Agronomy. 2025; 15(6):1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061280

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gorinoiu, Gabriela, Cerasela Petolescu, Alina Laura Agapie, Ciprian Buzna, Petru Rain, Nicolae Marinel Horablaga, Adina Horablaga, Ionel Samfira, Marius Valentin Boldea, Irina Petrescu, and et al. 2025. "Yield, Protein, and Starch Equilibrium of Indigenous Varieties: An Open Door for Computational Breeding in Enhancing Selection Strategies" Agronomy 15, no. 6: 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061280

APA Style

Gorinoiu, G., Petolescu, C., Agapie, A. L., Buzna, C., Rain, P., Horablaga, N. M., Horablaga, A., Samfira, I., Boldea, M. V., Petrescu, I., Sarac, I., & Onisan, E. (2025). Yield, Protein, and Starch Equilibrium of Indigenous Varieties: An Open Door for Computational Breeding in Enhancing Selection Strategies. Agronomy, 15(6), 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061280

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