Effects of Climatic, Chemical, and Cultural Control Strategies on Community Composition of Auchenorrhyncha and Population Dynamics of Two Major Green Leafhopper Pests in Peach Orchards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Location
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.3. Morphological Identification
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Auchenorrhyncha Community and Known Vectors or Potential Vectors of Phytopathogens
Species | Pests/Vectors/Direct Injury | References |
---|---|---|
Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén) | Xylella fastidiosa | [55,56,57] |
Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) | AY, Ca P. solani, Xylella fastidiosa | [52,58,59,60,61] |
Anaceratagallia glabra Dmitriev | AY, BN | [62,63,64,65] |
Austroagallia sinuata (Mulsant & Rey) | AY, Ca P. aurantifolia, Ca P. solani | [66,67,68] |
Aphrodes makarovi Zachvatkin | FD, Ca P. solani | [22,69] |
Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus) | Ca P. solani, Xylella fastidiosa | [61,70] |
Balclutha puntacta (Fabricius) | MDP | [71] |
Euscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum) | AY, Ca P. solani, CY, FD, WXD | [59,61,72,73,74] |
Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum) | AY, Ca P. solani, CY, FD, XD | [59,61,69,75] |
Fieberiella florii (Stål) | Ca P. mali, Ca P. pronorum, XD | [65,76,77] |
Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer) | AY, Ca P. solani, GY, SP, LP | [64,78,79,80] |
Psammotettix striatus (Linnaeus) | WWV, Ca P. solani (potential vector) | [61,63,81] |
Eupelix cuspidata (Fabricius) | Ca P. solani (potencial vector) | [62] |
Megophthalmus scabripennis Edwards | AY (potencial vector) | [64] |
Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) | Ca P. phoenicium, Ca P. pronorum, direct injury, EFSY | [10,20,21,22,82] |
Edwardsiana rosae (Linnaeus) | Direct injury | [83,84,85] |
Fruticidia bisignata (Mulsant & Rey) | Direct injury | [83,87] |
Hauptidia marocanna (Melichar) | Direct injury | [88] |
Hauptidia provincialis (Ribaut) | Direct injury | [89] |
Hebata decipiens Paoli | Alm WB, Ca P. asteris, Ca P. aurantifolia | [20,53,54,86] |
Hebata solani (Curtis) | Direct injury | [14] |
Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin & Zanon) | Direct injury | [7,90,91,92] |
Ribautiana tenerrima (Herrich-Schäffer) | Direct injury | [93] |
Zyginidia scutellaris (Herrich-Schäffer) | Direct injury | [94] |
Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret | AY, BN | [64,95,96,97,98] |
Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) | AY, BN, BYSMV, Ca P. solani, MMV, MRDV, NCMV, RBSDV, RSV | [59,61,99,100,101,102] |
Metadelphax propinqua (Fieber) | CCSV, MMV, MRDV | [38,68] |
Dictyophara europaea (Linnaeus) | Ca P. solani, FD | [61,104,105,106] |
3.2. Population Dynamics of the Two Main Leafhopper Species, Asymmetrasca decedens and Hebata solani
3.3. Analysis and Modelling of Climate Conditions and Management Measures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Orchard |
---|---|
14 August 2018 | Both |
21 June 2019 | LC |
21 June 2019 | PA |
24 June2019 | PA |
24–25 June 2019 | PA |
27 June 2019 | LC |
1 July 2019 | LC |
28–31 July 2019 | LC |
Active Ingredient | Pest | Application Date |
---|---|---|
acrinathrin | Red spider mite | 2019 (29 May) |
chlorpyrifos-methyl | San Jose scale | 2018 (6 June) |
cyprodinil | Moniliosis | 2018 (20 March, 4–5 April) |
copper oxychloride | Peach leaf curl, Gumspot of stone fruit | 2018 (17–24 February), 2019 (7–14 February), 2020 (15–18 February) |
deltamethrin + thiacloprid | Mediterranean fruit fly | 2019 (29 July and 15 August) |
difenoconazole | Powdery mildew, Brown rot | 2019 (12–14 April, 30 July–1 August), 2020 (20 July) |
flonicamid | Aphids | 2019 (21, 23 March), 2020 (18, 20 March) |
fluopyram and tebuconazole | Moniliosis | 2018 (16 April, 20, 28 June, 15 July) |
fluopyram and tebuconazole | Brown rot | 2019 (8, 18 July, 1, 24 August), 2020 (8, 23 June, 8, 18, 26 July, 4, 14 August) |
imidacloprid | Aphids | 2018 (26, 27 March) |
lambda-cyhalothrin | Mediterranean fruit fly | 2018 (20, 28 June, 15 July), 2019 (8, 18 July, 1, 24 August), 2020 (8, 23 June, 8, 18, 26 July, 4,14 August) |
penconazole | Powdery mildew | 2018 (26–27 April), 2019 (22–26 June), 2020 (2–3 June) |
spinetoram | Thrips | 2018 (27 March) |
spirodiclofen | Red spider mite | 2018 (13 June) |
sulfur | Powdery mildew | 2018 (13 June), 2019 (16, 21–23 May) 2020 (3–4 May) |
thiram | Peach leaf curl, Gumspot of stone fruit | 2018 (9–12 March, 16 April), 2019 (2–3, 21–23 March) |
ziram | Peach leaf curl, Gumspot of stone fruit | 2018 (4–5 April), 2020 (27–28 February, 13, 24 March) |
Infraorder | Family | Subfamily | Genus/Species | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC | PA | LC | PA | LC | PA | ||||
Cicadomorpha | Aphrophoridae | Aphrophorinae | Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |||
Cercopidae | Cercopinae | Cercopis intermedia Kirschbaum | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Cicadellidae | Aphrodinae | Aphrodes makarovi Zachvatkin | 23 | 20 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 39 | |
Cicadellinae | Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Deltocephalinae | Balclutha puntacta (Fabricius) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||
Cicadula persimilis (Edwards) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Euscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum) | 5 | 22 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 11 | |||
Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |||
Fieberiella florii (Stål) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |||
Macrosteles sordidipennis (Stål) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |||
Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer) | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
Phlepsius intricatus (Herrich-Schäffer) | 1 * | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Platymetopius gutattus Fieber | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Psammotettix striatus (Linnaeus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Sardius argus (Marshall) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |||
Dorycephalinae | Eupelix cuspidata (Fabricius) | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
Evacanthinae | Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura) | 1 * | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Macropsinae | Macropsis cerea (Germar) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Macropsis scutellata (Boheman) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Megophthalminae | Agallia consobrina Curtis | 225 | 113 | 93 | 70 | 289 | 264 | ||
Anaceratagallia glabra Dmitriev | 18 | 16 | 42 | 35 | 25 | 28 | |||
Austroagallia sinuata (Mulsant & Rey) | 0 | 0 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |||
Megophthalmus scabripennis Edwards | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Typhlocybinae | Alebra coryli Le Quesne | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Alnetoidia alneti (Dahlbom) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Arboridia parvula (Boheman) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | |||
Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) | 1913 | 603 | 3716 | 2754 | 6930 | 4775 | |||
Edwardsiana gratiosa (Boheman) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Edwardsiana rosae (Linnaeus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |||
Eupteryx filicum (Newman) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Fruticidia bisignata (Mulsant & Rey) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | |||
Fruticidia sanguinosa (Rey) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Hauptidia marocanna (Melichar) | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 10 | |||
Hauptidia provincialis (Ribaut) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | |||
Hebata decipiens Paoli | 22 | 26 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
Hebata solani (Curtis) | 796 | 622 | 710 | 398 | 621 | 875 | |||
Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin & Zanon) | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Lindbergina aurovittata (Douglas) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Ribautiana cruciata (Ribaut) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Ribautiana debilis (Douglas) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 2 | |||
Ribautiana tenerrima (Herrich-Schäffer) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | |||
Zygina lunaris (Mulsant & Rey) | 14 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 1 | |||
Zygina nivea (Mulsant & Rey) | 10 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||
Zygina ordinaria (Ribaut) | 115 | 84 | 61 | 45 | 3 | 22 | |||
Zygina schneideri (Gunthart) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |||
Zyginidia scutellaris (Herrich-Schäffer) | 15 | 17 | 26 | 52 | 17 | 12 | |||
Fulgoromorpha | Cixiidae | Cixiinae | Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Delphacidae | - | Conomelus lorifer Ribaut | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Laodelphax striatella (Fallén) | 8 | 13 | 1 | 3 | 26 | 18 | |||
Metadelphax propinqua (Fieber) | 14 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 14 | |||
Dictyopharidae | Dictyopharinae | Dictyophara europaea (Linnaeus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Tettigometridae | - | Tettigometra griseola (Fieber) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
- | Tettigometra impressopunctata (Dufour) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
- | Tettigometra virescens (Panzer) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Structural Zeros Component | Estimate | OR | OR 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 5.263 | -- | -- | 0.0012 |
DayOfYear | −0.029 | 0.972 | (0.956, 0.987) | 0.0003 |
MaxTemp | −0.114 | 0.892 | (0.809, 0.984) | 0.0231 |
NrRainyDays | 0.406 | 1.500 | (1.071, 2.101) | 0.0181 |
Count Component | Estimate | IRR | IRR 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | −1.970 | -- | -- | <0.001 |
DayOfYear | 0.018 | 1.018 | (1.016, 1.021) | <0.001 |
NrRainyDays | −0.107 | 0.989 | (0.847, 0.953) | <0.001 |
FungProp | −0.502 | 0.605 | (0.400, 0.916) | 0.0175 |
Insecticide = yes | −0.024 | 0.977 | (0.798, 1.195) | 0.8192 |
NrRainyDays × FungProp | 0.327 | 1.387 | (0.992, 1.940) | 0.0558 |
Structural Zeros Component | Estimate | OR | OR 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 7.192 | -- | -- | 0.0010 |
DayOfYear | −0.035 | 0.966 | (0.942, 0.990) | 0.0055 |
MaxRelHum | −0.071 | 0.932 | (0.899, 0.966) | <0.001 |
Count Component | Estimate | IRR | IRR 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 1.154 | -- | -- | 0.3242 |
DayOfYear | −0.005 | 0.995 | (0.983, 1.007) | 0.4222 |
AvgTemp | 0.405 | 1.499 | (1.294, 1.737) | <0.001 |
MinRelHum | 0.018 | 1.018 | (1.002, 1.034) | 0.0287 |
MaxRelHum | −0.021 | 0.980 | (0.970, 0.990) | <0.001 |
NrDaysInsecticide | 0.031 | 1.031 | (0.980, 1.085) | 0.2342 |
DayOfYear×AvgTemp | −0.002 | 0.998 | (0.998, 0.999) | <0.001 |
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Nascimento, P.M.; Neto, A.C.; Guerreiro, V.; Barateiro, A.; Anjos, H.; Coutinho, J.P.; Antunes, M.; Rebelo, M.T. Effects of Climatic, Chemical, and Cultural Control Strategies on Community Composition of Auchenorrhyncha and Population Dynamics of Two Major Green Leafhopper Pests in Peach Orchards. Agronomy 2025, 15, 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010163
Nascimento PM, Neto AC, Guerreiro V, Barateiro A, Anjos H, Coutinho JP, Antunes M, Rebelo MT. Effects of Climatic, Chemical, and Cultural Control Strategies on Community Composition of Auchenorrhyncha and Population Dynamics of Two Major Green Leafhopper Pests in Peach Orchards. Agronomy. 2025; 15(1):163. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010163
Chicago/Turabian StyleNascimento, Patrícia Monteiro, Ana Carina Neto, Vera Guerreiro, Anabela Barateiro, Hugo Anjos, José Pereira Coutinho, Marília Antunes, and Maria Teresa Rebelo. 2025. "Effects of Climatic, Chemical, and Cultural Control Strategies on Community Composition of Auchenorrhyncha and Population Dynamics of Two Major Green Leafhopper Pests in Peach Orchards" Agronomy 15, no. 1: 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010163
APA StyleNascimento, P. M., Neto, A. C., Guerreiro, V., Barateiro, A., Anjos, H., Coutinho, J. P., Antunes, M., & Rebelo, M. T. (2025). Effects of Climatic, Chemical, and Cultural Control Strategies on Community Composition of Auchenorrhyncha and Population Dynamics of Two Major Green Leafhopper Pests in Peach Orchards. Agronomy, 15(1), 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010163