Genotype–Trait (GT) Biplot Analysis for Yield and Quality Stability in Some Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) Genotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Specifications and Soil Sample Analyses
2.2. Different Characteristics of Sweet Corn Genotypes
2.3. Data Calculation and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Variance and Mean Comparison
3.2. Ranking and Grouping of Genotypes in Terms of Traits
3.3. Ranking of Genotypes × Traits in Terms of Stability in Performance
3.4. Ranking of Genotypes Based on Ideal Genotype
3.5. Grouping of Genotypes Diagram
3.6. Analysis of Correlations between Traits
3.7. Different Traits Profiles of Sweet Corn Genotypes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotype no. | Genotype | The Institution | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|
G1 | Argos | Fito Tohumculuk Tic. Ltd. Şti. Antalya | Super-sweet, maturity period 80–90 days, kernel color is yellowish golden, tolerant of transportation |
G2 | Baron F1 | May Tohum Ltd. Şti. Bursa | Super-sweet, very early, plant height 190–195 cm, ear length 19.9 cm, ear diameter 5.3 cm, number of rows per ear 16–18, unhusked ear weight 330–335 g, kernel color is dark yellow, tolerant to lodging, non-stick on the tooth, tolerant to transportation |
G3 | BATEM Tatlı | Karya Tarım Tic. A.Ş. Aydın | Normal sweet, maturity period 70–80 days, total sugar content 13.8–15.3%, crude protein content 13.7–13.9% |
G4 | Challenger | Monsanto Gıda ve Tarım Tic. Ltd. Şti. Bursa | Super-sweet, maturity period 80–85 days, high sugar content, kernel color is yellow, plant height 170–180 cm |
G5 | Febris | Fito Tohumculuk Tic. Ltd. Şti. Antalya | Super-sweet, maturity period 87 days, ear length 16–18 cm, tolerant to lodging, medium height |
G6 | Khan F1 | May Tohum Ltd. Şti. Bursa | Super-sweet, early, high yielding, plant height 190–200 cm, ear length 22–23 cm, ear diameter 5–5.2 cm, number of rows per ear 16–18, unhusked ear weight 340–350 g, kernel color is dark yellow, tolerant to lodging, tolerant to transportation |
G7 | Kompozit Şeker | Mısır Araştırma Enst. Müd. Sakarya | Normal sweet, maturity period 77–84 days, plant height 80–220 cm, fresh ear yield 12,500–21,000 kg/ha, kernel color is orange |
G8 | Overland | Alfa Tohum Tarım Gıda İnş. Hayv. Paz. San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Balıkesir | Normal sweet, days to flowering 65–69 days, plant height 200–220 cm, ear length 16–20 cm, number of rows per ear 18–20, kernel color is white, ear yield 8500–10,500 kg/ha, sugar content 3.8%, protein content 11.3% |
G9 | SHY1036 | Monsanto Gıda ve Tarım Tic. Ltd. Şti. Bursa | Super-sweet, tolerant to diseases, maturity period 100–110 days, high sugar content, kernel color is yellow, plant height 210–220 cm |
G10 | Signet | Monsanto Gıda ve Tarım Tic. Ltd. Şti. Bursa | Sugary enhanced, maturity period 60–65 days, high sugar content, kernel color is yellow, plant height 150–160 cm |
G11 | Tanem F1 | May Tohum Ltd. Şti. Bursa | Normal sweet, early, plant height 170–180 cm, first ear height 45–60 cm, ear length 20–22 cm, ear diameter 4.5–5 cm, number of rows per ear 16–18, ear weight 460–480 g, kernel color is yellow |
Trait No. | Trait | Genotype Effect (p Value) | Year Effect (p) | Genotype × Year Effect (p) | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | Days to silking (DS) | 0.180 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.67 |
T2 | Days to maturity (DM) | 0.090 | 0.000 | 0.051 | 1.64 |
T3 | Plant height (PH) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.476 | 4.89 |
T4 | Number of tillers per plant (NTP) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 22.81 |
T5 | Number of leaves per plant (NLP) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 6.97 |
T6 | Number of ears per plant (NEP) | 0.688 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 5.75 |
T7 | First ear height (FEH) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 7.53 |
T8 | Number of plants per hectare (NPH) | 0.052 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 6.58 |
T9 | Ear yield (EY) | 0.352 | 0.000 | 0.602 | 9.97 |
T10 | Number of marketable ears per hectare (NMEH) | 0.886 | 0.000 | 0.935 | 12.89 |
T11 | The yield of the marketable ear (YME) | 0.713 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 10.93 |
T12 | Ear length (EL) | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 3.47 |
T13 | Ear diameter (ED) | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 3.07 |
T14 | Ear weight (EW) | 0.449 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 12.57 |
T15 | Number of kernel rows per ear (NKRE) | 0.177 | 0.000 | 0.328 | 3.98 |
T16 | Number of kernels per row (NKR) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 3.86 |
T17 | Number of kernels per ear (NKE) | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.083 | 5.50 |
T18 | 1000-kernel weight (TKW) | 0.456 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 5.05 |
T19 | Fresh kernel yield (FKY) | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 11.34 |
T20 | Grain protein content (GPC) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 7.13 |
T21 | Total soluble solid content at harvest (SSCH) | 0.666 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 7.65 |
T22 | Grain moisture content at seven days post-harvest in the field (GMCF) | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.706 | 2.37 |
T23 | Grain moisture content at seven days post-harvest in the refrigerator (GMCR) | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.975 | 2.67 |
T24 | The total soluble solid content at harvest seven days post-harvest in the field (SSCF) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 8.53 |
T25 | Total soluble solid content seven days post-harvest in the refrigerator (SSCR) | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 10.04 |
T26 | Green mass yield (GMY) | 0.275 | 0.000 | 0.477 | 9.21 |
Traits | DS | DM | PH | NTP | NLP | NEP | FEH | NPH | EY | NME | YME | EL | ED | EW | NKRE | NKR | NKE | TKW | FKY | GCP | SSCH | GMCF | GMCR | SSCF | SSCR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM 2 | 0.887 ***1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PH | 0.526 ** | 0.415 ** | |||||||||||||||||||||||
NTP | −0.233 | −0.326 ** | 0.046 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
NLP | 0.299 * | 0.382 ** | 0.038 | −0.596 ** | |||||||||||||||||||||
NEP | −0.420 ** | −0.458 ** | −0.190 | 0.298 * | −0.260 * | ||||||||||||||||||||
FEH | 0.643 ** | 0.505 ** | 0.750 ** | −0.100 | −0.013 | −0.355 ** | |||||||||||||||||||
NPH | 0.116 | 0.132 | 0.083 | −0.062 | 0.088 | −0.089 | 0.065 | ||||||||||||||||||
EY | −0.618 ** | −0.475 ** | −0.509 ** | −0.087 | −0.158 | 0.246 * | −0.584 ** | −0.301 * | |||||||||||||||||
NME | −0.441 ** | −0.308 * | −0.638 ** | −0.098 | −0.009 | 0.111 | −0.605 ** | −0.244 * | 0.809 ** | ||||||||||||||||
YME | −0.472 ** | −0.318 ** | −0.659 ** | −0.055 | −0.066 | 0.204 | −0.653 ** | −0.323 ** | 0.840 ** | 0.931 ** | |||||||||||||||
EL | −0.359 ** | −0.197 | −0.457 ** | −0.128 | 0.056 | 0.086 | −0.524 ** | −0.381 ** | 0.759 ** | 0.781 ** | 0.833 ** | ||||||||||||||
ED | −0.399 ** | −0.279 * | −0.411 ** | −0.241 | 0.049 | 0.309 * | −0.426 ** | −0.334 ** | 0.586 ** | 0.447 ** | 0.507 ** | 0.465 ** | |||||||||||||
EW | −0.361 ** | −0.233 | −0.416 ** | −0.050 | −0.108 | 0.282 * | −0.402 ** | −0.300 * | 0.502 ** | 0.317 ** | 0.583 ** | 0.498 ** | 0.526 ** | ||||||||||||
NKRE | −0.065 | 0.067 | −0.220 | −0.466 ** | 0.278 * | 0.074 | −0.101 | −0.334 ** | 0.477 ** | 0.403 ** | 0.442 ** | 0.325 ** | 0.588 ** | 0.465 ** | |||||||||||
NKR | 0.115 | 0.239 | −0.291 * | −0.070 | 0.263 * | 0.052 | −0.322 ** | −0.199 | 0.228 | 0.341 ** | 0.396 ** | 0.513 ** | 0.203 | 0.225 | 0.144 | ||||||||||
NKE | 0.078 | 0.214 | −0.295 * | −0.347 ** | 0.339 ** | 0.123 | −0.243 * | −0.308 * | 0.455 ** | 0.488 ** | 0.536 ** | 0.515 ** | 0.455 ** | 0.396 ** | 0.744 ** | 0.738 ** | |||||||||
TKW | −0.562 ** | −0.516 ** | −0.199 | 0.100 | −0.281 * | 0.158 | −0.238 | −0.059 | 0.218 | 0.140 | 0.152 | 0.192 | 0.318 ** | 0.135 | −0.253 * | −0.192 | −0.355 ** | ||||||||
FKY | −0.600 ** | −0.462 ** | −0.655 ** | −0.020 | −0.170 | 0.233 | −0.619 ** | −0.229 | 0.834 ** | 0.851 ** | 0.864 ** | 0.694 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.436 ** | 0.357 ** | 0.231 | 0.386 ** | 0.248 * | |||||||
GCP | 0.261 * | 0.050 | 0.336 ** | 0.205 | −0.320 ** | −0.322 ** | 0.463 ** | 0.149 | −0.307 * | −0.249 * | −0.306 * | −0.255 * | −0.406 ** | −0.335 ** | −0.422 ** | −0.248 * | −0.393 ** | 0.035 | −0.246 * | ||||||
SSCH | 0.130 | −0.038 | 0.235 | 0.272 * | −0.389 ** | −0.306 * | 0.397 ** | 0.207 | −0.388 ** | −0.354 ** | −0.432 ** | −0.452 ** | −0.433 ** | −0.402 ** | −0.423 ** | −0.351 ** | −0.491 ** | 0.112 | −0.250 * | 0.770 ** | |||||
GMCF | −0.206 | −0.028 | −0.524 ** | −0.306 * | 0.207 | −0.025 | −0.591 ** | −0.311 * | 0.721 ** | 0.771 ** | 0.804 ** | 0.718 ** | 0.529 ** | 0.477 ** | 0.533 ** | 0.520 ** | 0.654 ** | −0.103 | 0.714 ** | −0.314 * | −0.420 ** | ||||
GMCR | −0.203 | −0.026 | −0.449 ** | −0.285 * | 0.223 | −0.026 | −0.523 ** | −0.352 ** | 0.665 ** | 0.739 ** | 0.763 ** | 0.654 ** | 0.497 ** | 0.444 ** | 0.553 ** | 0.420 ** | 0.600 ** | −0.158 | 0.639 ** | −0.342 ** | −0.465 ** | 0.909 ** | |||
SSCF | −0.206 | −0.028 | −0.524 ** | −0.306 * | 0.207 | −0.025 | −0.591 ** | −0.311 * | 0.721 ** | 0.771 ** | 0.804 ** | 0.718 ** | 0.529 ** | 0.477 ** | 0.533 ** | 0.520 ** | 0.654 ** | −0.103 | 0.714 ** | −0.314 * | −0.420 ** | −0.400 ** | −0.401 ** | ||
SSCR | 0.215 | 0.087 | 0.134 | 0.164 | −0.226 | −0.352 ** | 0.337 ** | 0.243 * | −0.334 ** | −0.295 * | −0.391 ** | −0.379 ** | −0.351 ** | −0.330 ** | −0.361 ** | −0.294 * | −0.409 ** | −0.045 | −0.211 | 0.571 ** | 0.733 ** | −0.293 * | −0.326 ** | −0.293 * | |
GMY | 0.624 ** | 0.601 ** | 0.606 ** | −0.320 ** | 0.336 ** | −0.205 | 0.476 ** | 0.349 ** | −0.422 ** | −0.480 ** | −0.483 ** | −0.405 ** | −0.229 | −0.248 * | 0.057 | −0.093 | 0.023 | −0.468 ** | −0.605 ** | 0.104 | 0.008 | −0.241 | −0.185 | −0.241 | 0.088 |
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Stansluos, A.A.L.; Öztürk, A.; Niedbała, G.; Türkoğlu, A.; Haliloğlu, K.; Szulc, P.; Omrani, A.; Wojciechowski, T.; Piekutowska, M. Genotype–Trait (GT) Biplot Analysis for Yield and Quality Stability in Some Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) Genotypes. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061538
Stansluos AAL, Öztürk A, Niedbała G, Türkoğlu A, Haliloğlu K, Szulc P, Omrani A, Wojciechowski T, Piekutowska M. Genotype–Trait (GT) Biplot Analysis for Yield and Quality Stability in Some Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) Genotypes. Agronomy. 2023; 13(6):1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061538
Chicago/Turabian StyleStansluos, Atom Atanasio Ladu, Ali Öztürk, Gniewko Niedbała, Aras Türkoğlu, Kamil Haliloğlu, Piotr Szulc, Ali Omrani, Tomasz Wojciechowski, and Magdalena Piekutowska. 2023. "Genotype–Trait (GT) Biplot Analysis for Yield and Quality Stability in Some Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) Genotypes" Agronomy 13, no. 6: 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061538