Pearl Millet–Groundnut Cropping Systems for the Sahel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
- -
- Five (5) cropping systems (Table 1) comprising S1: pearl millet sole crop (MSC); S2: groundnut sole crop (GSC); S3: pearl millet/groundnut intercropped with one row of groundnut between two rows of pearl millet (M-G: 1:1:1); S4: pearl millet/groundnut intercropped with two rows of groundnut between two rows of pearl millet (M-G: 1:2:1); S5: pearl millet/groundnut intercropped with three rows of groundnut between two rows of pearl millet (M-G: 1:3:1); and
- -
- Two fertilizer levels: F0—no fertilizer application and F1—100 kg/ha NPK (15-15-15) pre-plant applied and incorporated to the experimental area prior to planting, and 50 kg/ha urea side-dress applied to pearl millet at the 8-leaves stage.
Cropping System | Millet–Groundnut-Millet Distribution | Pearl Millet | Groundnut | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spacing | Plant Population | Spacing | Plant Population | ||||||
Row | Intra-Row | Row | Intra-Row | ||||||
Row | ----m -- | No./ha | % | ----- m ---- | No./ha | % | |||
Pearl Millet Sole (S1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 30,000 | 100 | - | ||||
Groundnut Sole (S2) | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.2 | 200,000 | 100 | |
Pearl Millet—Groundnut Intercrop (S3) | 1:1:1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 30,000 | 100 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 75,000 | 37.5 |
Pearl Millet—Groundnut Intercrop (S4) | 1:2:1 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 21,818 | 72.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 109,091 | 54.5 |
Pearl Millet—Groundnut Intercrop (S5) | 1:3:1 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 16,000 | 53.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 120,000 | 60.0 |
2.3. Crop Management and Data Collection
2.4. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Agronomic Results
3.1.1. Grain and Pod Yields
3.1.2. Land Equivalent Ratio/Land Use Efficiency
3.2. Economic Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Cropping System
4.2. Fertilizer Application
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2018–2022-Average | 2021 | 2022 | |
---|---|---|---|
June | 74 | 54 | 80 |
July | 147 | 150 | 122 |
August | 222 | 226 | 293 |
September | 145 | 71 | 209 |
October | 11 | 0 | 1 |
Total | 598 | 500 | 704 |
Cropping System | Row Distribution | Pearl Millet Grain | Groundnut Pods | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Fertilizer | With Fertilizer | Mean (Across Fertilizer Rates) | Without Fertilizer | With Fertilizer | Mean (Across Fertilizer Rates) | ||
---------------------------------------------- kg/ha -------------------------------------- | |||||||
Pearl millet sole crop | 828 Ba † | 1338 Aa | 1083 a | -- | -- | -- | |
Groundnut sole crop | -- | -- | -- | 846 Ba | 1408 Aa | 1127 a | |
Pearl millet—groundnut intercrop | 1:1:1 | 602 Bb | 928 Abc | 765 b | 498 Bc | 699 Acd | 598 c |
Pearl millet—groundnut intercrop | 1:2:1 | 514 Bc | 832 Abc | 673 bc | 560 Bbc | 824 Abc | 692 bc |
Pearl millet—groundnut intercrop | 1:3:1 | 498 Bc | 658 Acd | 578 c | 683 Bb | 1013 Ab | 848 b |
Mean (across cropping systems) | 611 B | 939 A | 647 B | 983 A |
Cropping System | Row Distribution | Cropping System without Fertilizer | Cropping System with Fertilizer | Fertilizer Application for Each Cropping System | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearl Millet | Groundnut | Total | Pearl Millet | Groundnut | Total | Pearl Millet | Groundnut | Total | ||
Pearl millet sole crop | 1.0 | -- | 1.0 | 1.00 | -- | 1.00 | 1.62 | -- | 1.62 | |
Groundnut sole crop | -- | 1.0 | 1.0 | -- | 1.00 | 1.00 | -- | 1.66 | 1.66 | |
Pearl millet—groundnut intercrop | 1:1:1 | 0.73 | 0.59 | 1.32 | 0.69 | 0.50 | 1.19 | 1.54 | 1.40 | 2.99 |
Pearl millet—groundnut intercrops | 1:2:1 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 1.28 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 1.21 | 1.62 | 1.47 | 3.09 |
Pearl millet—groundnut intercrop | 1:3:1 | 0.60 | 0.81 | 1.41 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 1.21 | 1.32 | 1.48 | 2.80 |
Cropping System | 2021 Without Fertilizer Subsidy | 2021 With Fertilizer Subsidy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fert. CFA | VYi CFA | VCR | Fert. CFA | Vyi CFA | VCR | |
S1: MSC | 50,000 | 131,755 | 2.62 | 43,500 | 131,755 | 3.03 |
S2: GSC | 35,000 | 144,716 | 4.13 | 30,000 | 144,716 | 4.82 |
S3: MGIC: 1:1:1 | 50,000 | 160,699 | 3.22 | 43,500 | 160,699 | 3.69 |
S4: MGIC: 1:2:1 | 44,900 | 159,119 | 3.55 | 38,910 | 159,119 | 4.09 |
S5: MGIC: 1:3:1 | 42,500 | 151,698 | 3.57 | 36,750 | 151,698 | 4.13 |
2022 without fertilizer subsidy | 2022 with fertilizer subsidy | |||||
Fert. CFA | Vyi CFA | VCR | Fert. CFA | Vyi CFA | VCR | |
S1: MSC | 74,000 | 102,139 | 1.38 | 43,500 | 102,139 | 2.35 |
S2: GSC | 50,000 | 182,500 | 3.65 | 30,000 | 182,500 | 6.08 |
S3:MGIC: 1:1:1 | 74,000 | 106,247 | 1.44 | 43,500 | 106,247 | 2.44 |
S4: MGIC: 1:2:1 | 65,840 | 145,849 | 2.22 | 38,910 | 145,849 | 3.75 |
S5: MGIC: 1:3:1 | 62,000 | 112,556 | 1.82 | 36,750 | 112,556 | 3.06 |
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Maman, N.; Mason, S.C. Pearl Millet–Groundnut Cropping Systems for the Sahel. Agronomy 2023, 13, 3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123029
Maman N, Mason SC. Pearl Millet–Groundnut Cropping Systems for the Sahel. Agronomy. 2023; 13(12):3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123029
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaman, Nouri, and Stephen C. Mason. 2023. "Pearl Millet–Groundnut Cropping Systems for the Sahel" Agronomy 13, no. 12: 3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123029
APA StyleMaman, N., & Mason, S. C. (2023). Pearl Millet–Groundnut Cropping Systems for the Sahel. Agronomy, 13(12), 3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123029