Nitrogen Fertilizer and Sowing Density Affect Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield, and Yield Components of Oat in a Semiarid Region of Northwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Experimental Design and Field Management
2.3. Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics
2.4. Yield and Yield Components Measurement
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics
3.1.1. Flag Leaf Gas Exchange
3.1.2. Flag Leaf Chlorophyll Content
3.1.3. Leaf Area Index
3.2. Grain Yield and Yield Components
3.2.1. Grain Yield
3.2.2. Yield Components
3.3. Relationship between Grain Yield and Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics, as Well as Yield Components
3.4. Relationship between Nitrogen Fertilizer or Planting Density and Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield, and Yield Components
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gorash, A.; Armonienė, R.; Mitchell Fetch, J.; Liatukas, Ž.; Danytė, V. Aspects in oat breeding: Nutrition quality, nakedness and disease resistance, challenges and perspectives. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2017, 171, 281–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Li, M.; Ling, A.; Hu, X.; Ma, Z.; Liu, L.; Li, Y. Effects of genotype and environment on avenanthramides and antioxidant activity of oats grown in northwestern China. J. Cereal Sci. 2017, 73, 130–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshall, A.; Cowan, S.; Edwards, S.; Griffiths, I.; Howarth, C.; Langdon, T.; White, E. Crops that feed the world 9. Oats- a cereal crop for human and livestock feed with industrial applications. Food Secur. 2013, 5, 13–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biel, W.; Bobko, K.; Maciorowski, R. Chemical composition and nutritive value of husked and naked oats grain. J. Cereal Sci. 2009, 49, 413–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clemens, R.; van Klinken, B.J. The future of oats in the food and health continuum. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 112 (Suppl. S2), S75–S79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chalmers, A.G.; Dyer, C.J.; Sylvester-Bradley, R. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the grain yield and quality of winter oats. J. Agric. Sci. 1998, 131, 395–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, X.; Li, Y.; Nie, J.; Wang, C.; Huang, K.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; She, H.; Liu, X.; Ruan, R.; et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the leaf photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits and grain yield in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.). Field Crops Res. 2018, 219, 160–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peltonen-Sainio, P.; Järvinen, P. Seeding rate effects on tillering, grain yield, and yield components of oat at high latitude. Field Crops Res. 1995, 40, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, E.; Finnan, J. Crop structure in winter oats and the effect of nitrogen on quality-related characters. J. Crop Improv. 2017, 31, 758–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inoue, T.; Inanaga, S.; Sugimoto, Y.; An, P.; Eneji, A. Effect of drought on ear and flag leaf photosynthesis of two wheat cultivars differing in drought resistance. Photosynthetica 2004, 42, 559–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.-F.; Mo, F.; Li, D.; Ma, B.; Yan, W.; Xiong, Y. Exploring agronomic strategies to improve oat productivity and control weeds: Leaf type, row spacing and planting density. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2018, 98, 1084–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, P.; Zhang, Q.; Shuai, X.F.; Pan, J.X.; Zhang, W.J.; Shi, J.F.; Wang, M.; Chen, X.P.; Cui, Z.L. Interaction between plant density and nitrogen management strategy in improving maize grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency on the North China Plain. J. Agric. Sci. 2015, 154, 978–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrade, F.H.; Vega, C.; Uhart, S.; Cirilo, A.; Cantarero, M.; Valentinuz, O. Kernel number determination in maize. Crops Sci. 1999, 39, 453–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vos, J.; Van Der Putten, P.; Birch, C. Effect of nitrogen supply on leaf appearance, leaf growth, leaf nitrogen economy and photosynthetic capacity in maize (Zea mays L.). Field Crops Res. 2005, 93, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tollenaar, M.; Aguilera, A.; Nissanka, S.P. Grain yield is reduced more by weed interference in an old than in a new maize hybrid. Agron. J. 1997, 89, 239–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neugschwandtner, R.W.; Kaul, H.-P. Sowing ratio and N fertilization affect yield and yield components of oat and pea in intercrops. Field Crops Res. 2014, 155, 159–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lithourgidis, A.S.; Vasilakoglou, I.B.; Dhima, K.V.; Dordas, C.A.; Yiakoulaki, M.D. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Res. 2006, 99, 106–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neumann, A.; Schmidtke, K.; Rauber, R. Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat. Field Crops Res. 2007, 100, 285–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreira, N. The effect of seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and nutritive value of oat-vetch mixtures. J. Agric. Sci. 1989, 112, 57–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Browne, R.A.; White, E.M.; Burke, J.I. Effect of nitrogen, seed rate and plant growth regulator (chlormequat chloride) on the grain quality of oats (Avena sativa). J. Agric. Sci. 2004, 141, 249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klikocka, H.; Cybulska, M.; Barczak, B.; Narolski, B.; Szostak, B.; Kobiałka, A.; Nowak, A.; Wójcik, E. The effect of sulphur and nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and technological quality of spring wheat. Plant Soil Environ. 2016, 62, 230–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olszewski, J.; Makowska, M.; Pszczółkowska, A.; Okorski, A.; Bieniaszewski, T. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on flag leaf and ear photosynthesis and grain yield of spring wheat. Plant Soil Environ. 2014, 60, 531–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ou, L.; Wei, G.; Zhang, Z.; Dai, X.; Zou, X. Effects of low temperature and low irradiance on the physiological characteristics and related gene expression of different pepper species. Photosynthetica 2015, 53, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, B.; Song, Y.; Song, C.; Cui, L.; Yong, T.; Yang, W. Growth and photosynthetic responses of soybean seedlings to maize shading in relay intercropping system in Southwest China. Photosynthetica 2014, 52, 332–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akcura, M.; Sabandüzen, B.; Hocaoğlu, O. Using GGE biplot analysis to evaluate interrelationships between yield and yield components of oat genotypes in different growing seasons. J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol. 2018, 21, 483–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, R. Number of kernels in wheat crops and the influence of solar radiation and temperature. J. Agric. Sci. 1985, 105, 447–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, W.; McLean, R. Increased responsiveness of short oat cultivars to early sowing, nitrogen fertilizer and seed rate. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1989, 40, 729–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dordas, C.A.; Sioulas, C. Safflower yield, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency response to nitrogen fertilization under rainfed conditions. Ind. Crops Prod. 2008, 27, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langer, R.H.M.; Liew, F.K.Y. Effects of varying nitrogen supply at different stages of the reproductive phase on spikelet and grain production and on grain nitrogen in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1973, 24, 647–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, L.; Wang, K.; Jiang, G.; Biswas, D.; Xu, H.; Li, L.; Li, Y. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Ann. Bot. 2005, 96, 925–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, D.; Reddy, K.R.; Kakani, V.G.; Reddy, V. Nitrogen deficiency effects on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, and hyperspectral reflectance properties of sorghum. Eur. J. Agron. 2005, 22, 391–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrante, A.; Savin, R.; Slafer, G.A. Floret development and grain setting differences between modern durum wheats under contrasting nitrogen availability. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 64, 169–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferrante, A.; Savin, R.; Slafer, G.A. Floret development of durum wheat in response to nitrogen availability. J. Exp. Bot. 2010, 61, 4351–4359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peltonen-Sainio, P.; Kangas, A.; Salo, Y.; Jauhiainen, L. Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials. Field Crop. Res. 2007, 100, 179–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pecio, A.; Bichonski, A. Nitrogen fertilization and fungicide application as elements of oat production. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2010, 19, 1297–1305. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, N.; Yuan, J.; Li, M.; Li, J.; Zhang, L.; Liu, L.; Naeem, M.S.; Zhang, C. Ideotype population exploration: Growth, photosynthesis, and yield components at different planting densities in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e114232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darwinkel, A. Ear development and formation of grain yield in winter wheat. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1980, 28, 156–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Month | Precipitation (mm) | Temperature (°C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 Year Average | Deviations | 30 Year Average | Deviations | |||
2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | |||
April | 32.1 | −2.5 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 0.2 |
may | 70.4 | −14.9 | 41.2 | 9.9 | −0.1 | 0.0 |
June | 86.7 | −32.5 | −41.1 | 13.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 |
July | 106.0 | 3.5 | −57.0 | 15.2 | 1.4 | 2.8 |
August | 100.2 | −59.2 | 38.8 | 14.2 | 3.4 | 0.4 |
September | 80.7 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 9.9 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
Years | Treatments | Pn (μmol·m−2·s−1) | Gs (mol·m−2·s−1) | Ci (μmol·mol−1) | Tr (mmol·m−2·s−1) | WUE (%) | LS | SPAD | LAI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | N0D1 | 9.95 ± 0.66 fg | 0.23 ± 0.02 ghi | 343.83 ± 4.57 bc | 2.83 ± 0.24 fg | 0.35 ± 0.01 cd | 0.33 ± 0.01 g | 40.17 ± 1.94 f | 1.75 ± 0.11 i |
N1D1 | 11.36 ± 0.56 e | 0.25 ± 0.03 fg | 336.27 ± 5.22 cde | 3.23 ± 0.24 def | 0.35 ± 0.01 cd | 0.36 ± 0.01 f | 41.20 ± 1.51 f | 2.01 ± 0.17 h | |
N2D1 | 12.97 ± 1.08 d | 0.31 ± 0.03 e | 320.83 ± 3.52 ghi | 4.27 ± 0.31 c | 0.30 ± 0.01 cde | 0.41 ± 0.01 e | 46.03 ± 1.47 e | 3.21 ± 0.17 fg | |
N3D1 | 9.55 ± 0.72 fg | 0.22 ± 0.02 ghi | 344.46 ± 2.81 bc | 2.29 ± 0.35 ghi | 0.42 ± 0.04 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 gh | 35.97 ± 1.55 g | 3.30 ± 0.13 f | |
N4D1 | 8.94 ± 0.29 g | 0.19 ± 0.01 hi | 354.71 ± 3.43 a | 1.84 ± 0.33 i | 0.50 ± 0.09 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 i | 33.10 ± 0.44 g | 3.54 ± 0.08 e | |
N0D2 | 11.41 ± 0.56 e | 0.34 ± 0.03 de | 328.52 ± 3.17 efg | 3.45 ± 0.24 de | 0.33 ± 0.02 cd | 0.42 ± 0.01 e | 45.20 ± 2.67 e | 3.02 ± 0.13 g | |
N1D2 | 14.32 ± 0.21 bc | 0.49 ± 0.03 b | 321.55 ± 7.24 ghi | 4.75 ± 0.09 bc | 0.30 ± 0.01 cde | 0.50 ± 0.02 c | 57.63 ± 0.64 c | 3.36 ± 0.11 ef | |
N2D2 | 16.76 ± 0.48 a | 0.63 ± 0.04 a | 295.99 ± 6.51 j | 6.61 ± 0.52 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 e | 0.62 ± 0.01 a | 70.90 ± 2.01 a | 3.57 ± 0.15 e | |
N3D2 | 14.65 ± 0.76 b | 0.51 ± 0.02 b | 317.88 ± 5.15 hi | 4.92 ± 0.56 b | 0.30 ± 0.02 de | 0.55 ± 0.02 b | 64.80 ± 2.36 b | 3.99 ± 0.16 d | |
N4D2 | 13.58 ± 0.22 cd | 0.38 ± 0.03 cd | 331.75 ± 6.41 def | 4.19 ± 0.10 c | 0.32 ± 0.00 cd | 0.51 ± 0.01 c | 53.50 ± 2.63 d | 4.77 ± 0.08 b | |
N0D3 | 8.84 ± 0.28 g | 0.18 ± 0.03 i | 351.39 ± 6.18 ab | 2.11 ± 0.19 hi | 0.42 ± 0.03 b | 0.24 ± 0.01 i | 40.67 ± 1.99 f | 3.26 ± 0.09 f | |
N1D3 | 9.43 ± 1.10 fg | 0.24 ± 0.02 gh | 338.65 ± 3.50 cd | 2.66 ± 0.48 fgh | 0.36 ± 0.02 c | 0.30 ± 0.02 h | 40.67 ± 0.76 f | 3.84 ± 0.18 d | |
N2D3 | 13.26 ± 0.37 cd | 0.41 ± 0.04 c | 316.29 ± 5.39 i | 4.34 ± 0.11 c | 0.31 ± 0.00 cde | 0.46 ± 0.01 d | 52.60 ± 2.01 d | 4.28 ± 0.15 c | |
N3D3 | 11.22 ± 0.33 e | 0.30 ± 0.03 e | 326.16 ± 6.91 fgh | 3.56 ± 0.30 d | 0.32 ± 0.02 cd | 0.40 ± 0.01 e | 46.63 ± 1.95 e | 4.77 ± 0.05 b | |
N4D3 | 10.09 ± 0.41 f | 0.29 ± 0.03 ef | 332.76 ± 5.36 def | 2.97 ± 0.22 ef | 0.34 ± 0.02 cd | 0.37 ± 0.01 f | 41.90 ± 1.23 f | 5.35 ± 0.10 a | |
LSD0.05 for | |||||||||
N | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
N × D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
2017 | N0D1 | 11.82 ± 0.16 e | 0.23 ± 0.02 fg | 336.71 ± 5.67 ef | 3.50 ± 0.14 de | 0.34 ± 0.01 c | 0.38 ± 0.03 ef | 42.73 ± 1.32 fgh | 2.27 ± 0.05 j |
N1D1 | 12.08 ± 0.16 e | 0.27 ± 0.03 ef | 336.23 ± 3.76 ef | 3.24 ± 0.35 e | 0.38 ± 0.04 bc | 0.39 ± 0.01 de | 45.23 ± 2.21 ef | 2.80 ± 0.21i | |
N2D1 | 13.26 ± 0.15 d | 0.34 ± 0.04 d | 320.86 ± 2.09 g | 3.73 ± 0.11 cd | 0.36 ± 0.01 bc | 0.41 ± 0.01 cd | 51.90 ± 1.55 c | 3.17 ± 0.08 h | |
N3D1 | 9.33 ± 0.97 h | 0.22 ± 0.02 gh | 347.76 ± 1.15 c | 2.35 ± 0.06 g | 0.40 ± 0.04 b | 0.34 ± 0.04 g | 37.13 ± 1.88 ij | 3.60 ± 0.05 g | |
N4D1 | 8.71 ± 0.11 i | 0.18 ± 0.02 hi | 358.86 ± 2.25 a | 1.83 ± 0.16 h | 0.48 ± 0.05 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 hi | 34.67 ± 2.74 j | 3.96 ± 0.10 ef | |
N0D2 | 10.83 ± 0.1 f3 | 0.32 ± 0.02 d | 341.41 ± 1.83 de | 3.30 ± 0.13 e | 0.33 ± 0.01 c | 0.40 ± 0.01 de | 43.83 ± 1.97 fg | 3.92 ± 0.13 f | |
N1D2 | 13.90 ± 0.16 c | 0.43 ± 0.03 c | 333.71 ± 4.50 f | 4.03 ± 0.19 c | 0.35 ± 0.01 c | 0.44 ± 0.03 c | 54.13 ± 1.29 bc | 4.42 ± 0.13 d | |
N2D2 | 15.66 ± 0.24 a | 0.58 ± 0.03 a | 310.56 ± 5.71 h | 5.69 ± 0.07 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 d | 0.57 ± 0.02 a | 62.73 ± 1.19 a | 4.93 ± 0.08 c | |
N3D2 | 14.97 ± 0.19 b | 0.52 ± 0.02 b | 324.65 ± 3.65 g | 4.44 ± 0.36 b | 0.34 ± 0.02 c | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | 56.77 ± 1.17 b | 5.29 ± 0.26 b | |
N4D2 | 13.31 ± 0.21 d | 0.41 ± 0.01 c | 340.58 ± 3.78 de | 3.80 ± 0.11 cd | 0.35 ± 0.01 bc | 0.43 ± 0.03 cd | 52.17 ± 1.08 c | 6.00 ± 0.22 a | |
N0D3 | 9.05 ± 0.27 hi | 0.17 ± 0.01 i | 357.20 ± 1.62 ab | 2.06 ± 0.17 gh | 0.44 ± 0.03 a | 0.23 ± 0.01 i | 39.83 ± 1.53 hi | 3.48 ± 0.05 g | |
N1D3 | 9.34 ± 0.45 h | 0.18 ± 0.02 hi | 351.71 ± 4.52 bc | 1.95 ± 0.10 h | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 h | 40.93 ± 1.07 gh | 3.87 ± 0.16 f | |
N2D3 | 12.75 ± 0.22 d | 0.36 ± 0.02 d | 336.11 ± 2.40 ef | 3.45 ± 0.06 de | 0.37 ± 0.01 bc | 0.41 ± 0.01 cd | 50.77 ± 0.51 cd | 4.16 ± 0.05 e | |
N3D3 | 10.67 ± 0.19 f | 0.28 ± 0.03 e | 341.30 ± 1.31 de | 3.21 ± 0.10 e | 0.33 ± 0.00 c | 0.38 ± 0.00 ef | 47.63 ± 1.60 de | 4.65 ± 0.10 d | |
N4D3 | 9.95 ± 0.27 g | 0.25 ± 0.03 efg | 346.17 ± 0.72 cd | 2.68 ± 0.36 f | 0.38 ± 0.04 bc | 0.35 ± 0.01 fg | 42.03 ± 0.91 fgh | 5.41 ± 0.21 b | |
LSD0.05 for | |||||||||
N | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
N × D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ns |
Years | Treatments | Grain Yield (kg·ha−1) | Plant Height (cm) | Panicle Length (cm) | NSP | NGP | WGP (g) | 1000-Kernel Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | N0D1 | 2500.93 ± 60.63 j | 97.94 ± 2.34 ef | 17.77 ± 0.49 i | 76.12 ± 1.54 c | 174.73 ± 3.93 c | 5.09 ± 0.11 d | 32.38 ± 0.07 g |
N1D1 | 2668.60 ± 33.95 i | 104.37 ± 0.93 cd | 22.43 ± 0.22 e | 82.98 ± 1.62 b | 191.59 ± 2.36 b | 5.50 ± 0.14 c | 36.61 ± 0.27 c | |
N2D1 | 2957.30 ± 39.93 g | 108.88 ± 3.54 b | 27.22 ± 0.91 a | 88.14 ± 1.51 a | 206.39 ± 4.53 a | 6.18 ± 0.10 a | 38.21 ± 0.53 a | |
N3D1 | 2913.10 ± 51.42 gh | 115.09 ± 2.38 a | 24.95 ± 0.39 c | 68.12 ± 0.65 de | 140.38 ± 5.54 ef | 5.32 ± 0.05 cd | 34.59 ± 0.33 e | |
N4D1 | 2846.17 ± 38.42 h | 107.71 ± 1.77 bc | 19.83 ± 0.29 g | 62.33 ± 2.91 fg | 100.32 ± 7.52 h | 4.66 ± 0.30 e | 30.48 ± 0.21 i | |
N0D2 | 2919.00 ± 81.80 gh | 87.66 ± 2.68 g | 15.60 ± 0.42 j | 63.57 ± 3.84 fg | 138.08 ± 5.31 f | 4.03 ± 0.18 h | 30.86 ± 0.29 i | |
N1D2 | 3423.97 ± 45.16 e | 89.65 ± 0.90 g | 21.17 ± 0.17 f | 64.93 ± 0.53 ef | 147.39 ± 3.93 de | 4.32 ± 0.05 fg | 35.59 ± 0.17 d | |
N2D2 | 4002.00 ± 47.31 a | 100.42 ± 2.86 de | 26.08 ± 0.28 b | 69.02 ± 0.47 d | 150.91 ± 3.45 d | 5.77 ± 0.01 b | 37.23 ± 0.07 b | |
N3D2 | 3868.63 ± 35.17 b | 103.72 ± 2.28 cd | 23.53 ± 0.27 d | 59.94 ± 1.95 g | 104.94 ± 1.12 h | 4.42 ± 0.06 ef | 33.26 ± 0.08 f | |
N4D2 | 3757.43 ± 51.01 c | 95.33 ± 3.04 f | 18.67 ± 0.73 h | 48.31 ± 1.16 j | 63.56 ± 2.07 j | 3.31 ± 0.04 i | 29.55 ± 0.15 j | |
N0D3 | 2623.53 ± 79.72 i | 76.33 ± 2.08 i | 13.01 ± 0.43 k | 49.78 ± 4.67 ij | 91.49 ± 5.09 i | 2.55 ± 0.10 k | 28.74 ± 0.07 k | |
N1D3 | 3153.97 ± 28.82 f | 83.48 ± 0.98 h | 20.23 ± 0.22 g | 52.77 ± 1.57 hi | 105.56 ± 2.37 h | 2.85 ± 0.33 j | 32.43 ± 0.61 g | |
N2D3 | 3624.37 ± 51.05 d | 89.22 ± 1.23 g | 25.03 ± 0.17 c | 55.59 ± 1.04 h | 118.11 ± 1.25 g | 4.15 ± 0.03 gh | 35.49 ± 0.34 d | |
N3D3 | 3402.00 ± 66.55 e | 95.54 ± 2.52 f | 22.43 ± 0.35 e | 49.02 ± 2.61 ij | 69.22 ± 5.91 j | 2.68 ± 0.12 jk | 31.71 ± 0.18 h | |
N4D3 | 3201.77 ± 33.25 f | 89.22 ± 2.55 g | 17.57 ± 0.23 i | 26.50 ± 3.18 k | 43.56 ± 2.92 k | 2.54 ± 0.13 k | 27.21 ± 0.15 l | |
LSD0.05 for | ||||||||
N | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
N × D | ** | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
2017 | N0D1 | 2668.04 ± 49.88 i | 103.42 ± 2.62 e | 13.59 ± 0.12 f | 56.89 ± 2.41 c | 124.33 ± 4.26 c | 3.43 ± 0.08 d | 32.44 ± 0.92 def |
N1D1 | 2959.81 ± 76.43 fg | 114.22 ± 1.02 c | 17.62 ± 0.26 b | 62.89 ± 2.41 b | 135.17 ± 5.27 b | 4.03 ± 0.10 b | 35.13 ± 2.30 b | |
N2D1 | 3057.08 ± 48.14 de | 123.31 ± 2.22 b | 18.33 ± 0.33 a | 73.94 ± 0.82 a | 173.19 ± 3.53 a | 4.54 ± 0.16 a | 36.53 ± 0.18 a | |
N3D1 | 2918.13 ± 57.13 g | 137.58 ± 3.74 a | 17.53 ± 0.25 b | 52.08 ± 0.68 d | 124.42 ± 1.23 c | 4.16 ± 0.10 b | 33.88 ± 0.39 c | |
N4D1 | 2793.06 ± 60.01 h | 124.11 ± 2.36 b | 16.47 ± 0.18 c | 47.48 ± 1.03 e | 67.42 ± 2.24 g | 3.67 ± 0.09 c | 32.13 ± 0.24 ef | |
N0D2 | 2883.35 ± 49.59 g | 92.67 ± 1.15 g | 11.33 ± 0.54 g | 44.42 ± 2.10 ef | 82.24 ± 1.76 e | 2.93 ± 0.09 ef | 30.53 ± 0.35 h | |
N1D2 | 3201.50 ± 16.63 bc | 103.94 ± 1.23 e | 15.64 ± 0.13 d | 46.44 ± 1.07 e | 113.56 ± 2.71 d | 3.12 ± 0.09 e | 34.74 ± 0.51 c | |
N2D2 | 3653.92 ± 17.27 a | 105.89 ± 2.34 de | 17.54 ± 0.35 b | 60.39 ± 2.68 b | 122.72 ± 4.75 c | 4.07 ± 0.09 b | 35.68 ± 0.24 ab | |
N3D2 | 3237.56 ± 41.19 b | 122.08 ± 1.54 b | 17.32 ± 0.35 b | 41.69 ± 1.24 f | 84.69 ± 2.89 e | 2.99 ± 0.23 ef | 32.62 ± 0.04 de | |
N4D2 | 3138.89 ± 48.02 cd | 109.67 ± 1.38 d | 14.78 ± 0.55 e | 34.08 ± 1.63 g | 44.50 ± 2.18 i | 2.66 ± 0.09 g | 30.89 ± 0.68 gh | |
N0D3 | 2763.95 ± 37.47 h | 81.86 ± 0.55 h | 9.43 ± 0.33 h | 30.67 ± 1.76 h | 51.19 ± 3.35 h | 1.63 ± 0.14 i | 29.54 ± 0.11 i | |
N1D3 | 3043.19 ± 36.35 ef | 89.78 ± 0.48 g | 13.75 ± 0.09 f | 32.63 ± 0.86 gh | 56.17 ± 2.17 h | 1.95 ± 0.06 h | 30.14 ± 3.70 hi | |
N2D3 | 3140.38 ± 71.85 cd | 92.97 ± 3.89 g | 16.42 ± 0.22 c | 45.08 ± 3.06 e | 73.11 ± 2.99 f | 2.82 ± 0.07 fg | 33.31 ± 0.08 cd | |
N3D3 | 2973.63 ± 34.65 efg | 108.50 ± 4.49 d | 15.84 ± 0.46 ed | 31.10 ± 1.40 gh | 42.82 ± 1.05 i | 1.88 ± 0.09 h | 31.59 ± 0.14 fg | |
N4D3 | 2885.04 ± 57.65 g | 99.08 ± 2.07 f | 13.49 ± 0.22 f | 21.64 ± 1.54 i | 24.81 ± 3.11 j | 1.83 ± 0.11 h | 29.41 ± 0.31 i | |
LSD0.05 for | ||||||||
N | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
N × D | ** | ns | ** | * | ** | ** | ** |
Nitrogen Fertilizer (x1) | Planting Density (x2) | |
---|---|---|
Pn (y1) | y1 = −0.0003x12 + 0.0625x1 + 10.19 (R2 = 0.263 **) | y1 = −0.0002x22 + 0.0814x2 + 6.74 (R2 = 0.491 **) |
Gs (y2) | y2 = −0.00002x12 + 0.0032x1 + 0.23 (R2 = 0.223 **) | y2 = −0.00001x22 + 0.0052x2 − 0.02 (R2 = 0.622 **) |
Ci (y3) | y3 = 0.0025x12 − 0.4526x1 + 345.12 (R2 = 0.350 **) | y3 = 0.0011x22 − 0.3825x2 + 359.19 (R2 = 0.251 **) |
Tr (y4) | y4 = −0.0002x12 + 0.0297x1 + 2.75 (R2 = 0.240 **) | y4 = −0.0001x22 + 0.0403x2 + 0.90 (R2 = 0.455 **) |
WUE (y5) | y5 = 0.000006x12 − 0.0011x1 + 0.38 (R2 = 0.143 **) | y5 = 0.000005x22 − 0.0017x2 + 0.47 (R2 = 0.292 **) |
LS (y6) | y6 = −0.00001x12 + 0.0025x1 + 0.32 (R2 = 0.217 **) | y6 = −0.00001x22 + 0.0037x2 + 0.16 (R2 = 0.538 **) |
SPAD (y7) | y7 = −0.0013x12 + 0.2388x1 + 41.27 (R2 = 0.237 **) | y7 = −0.0009x22 + 0.3542x2 + 22.95 (R2 = 0.531 **) |
LAI (y8) | y8 = 0.000005x12 + 0.0094x1 + 2.95 (R2 = 0.439 **) | y8 = −0.00005x22 + 0.0229x2 + 1.76 (R2 = 0.412 **) |
Grain yield (y9) | y9 = −0.051x12 + 11.173x1 + 2719.90 (R2 = 0.333 **) | y9 = −0.0315x22 + 12.402x2 + 2197.60 (R2 = 0.409 **) |
Plant height (y10) | y10 = −0.0011x12 + 0.2889x1 + 88.60 (R2 = 0.278 **) | y10 = 0.00007x22 − 0.1218x2 + 120.71 (R2 = 0.471 **) |
Panicle length (y11) | y11 = −0.0008x12 + 0.157x1 + 13.35 (R2 = 0.433 **) | y11 = −0.000001x22 − 0.0114x2 + 20.26 (R2 = 0.072 *) |
NSP (y12) | y12 = −0.0018x12 + 0.248x1 + 52.78 (R2 = 0.225 **) | y12 = 0.0000005x22 − 0.1153x2 + 74.01 (R2 = 0.478 **) |
NGP (y13) | y13 = −0.0058x12 + 0.7468x1 + 109.22 (R2 = 0.351 **) | y13 = 0.00003x22 − 0.3285x2 + 163.39 (R2 = 0.444 **) |
WGP (y14) | y14 = −0.0001x12 + 0.0221x1 + 3.20 (R2 = 0.131 **) | y14 = −0.00001x22 − 0.0043x2 + 4.96 (R2 = 0.546 **) |
1000-kernel weight (y15) | y15 = −0.0006x12 + 0.1063x1 + 30.73 (R2 = 0.623 **) | y15 = −0.00003x22 − 0.0037x2 + 34.56 (R2 = 0.249 **) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ju, Z.; Liu, K.; Zhao, G.; Ma, X.; Jia, Z. Nitrogen Fertilizer and Sowing Density Affect Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield, and Yield Components of Oat in a Semiarid Region of Northwest China. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092108
Ju Z, Liu K, Zhao G, Ma X, Jia Z. Nitrogen Fertilizer and Sowing Density Affect Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield, and Yield Components of Oat in a Semiarid Region of Northwest China. Agronomy. 2022; 12(9):2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092108
Chicago/Turabian StyleJu, Zeliang, Kaiqiang Liu, Guiqin Zhao, Xiang Ma, and Zhifeng Jia. 2022. "Nitrogen Fertilizer and Sowing Density Affect Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield, and Yield Components of Oat in a Semiarid Region of Northwest China" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2108. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092108