Effect of Selected Meteorological Factors on the Growth Rate and Seed Yield of Winter Wheat—A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Field Experiment
2.2. Meteorological Background of the Experiment
2.3. Statistical Calculations
3. Results
3.1. Meteorological Characteristics of the Study Period and the Course of Selected Periods of Wheat Development
3.2. Effect of Selected Meteorological Parameters on the Growth Rate of Winter Wheat
3.2.1. Growth Rate of Winter Wheat
3.2.2. Biometric Parameters of Winter Wheat
3.3. Effect of Selected Meteorological Parameters on Yield of Winter Wheat
3.4. Association between Biometric Parameters and Yield of Winter Wheat and Meteorological Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Dedicated to Plant Development | |
∆L | increase in length [cm] |
IN | internode number [№] |
SL | spike length [cm] |
GN | grain number [№] |
PW | plant weight [g/plant] |
GW | grain weight [g] |
SW | straw weight [g] |
PDH | plant density at harvest [№/m2] |
TGW | 1000-grain weight [g] |
(1) | the period from sowing until the onset of autumn dormancy, i.e., after three consecutive days of temperatures < 3°C, which is the threshold temperature for wheat |
(2) | dormancy period was defined as the period from the onset of dormancy (average temperature < 3 °C) to the start of spring growth (average temperature ≥ 3 °C) |
(3) | the vegetative growth period/the period from the start of spring growth to the end of intercalary growth (the date of full flowering was used), i.e., the end of vegetative growth |
(4) | the generative growth period/the period from the end of vegetative growth to the day of harvest |
D | length of period from sowing to harvest [№] |
D (1) | length of period from sowing to onset of dormancy [№] |
D (2) | length of dormancy period [№] |
D (3) | length of vegetative growth period (when plant growth was measured) [№] |
D (4) | length of generative growth period [№] |
Dedicated to Meteorological Parameters | |
P (1–4) | precipitation total during a given period |
T (1–4) | average temperature during a given period |
NdP (1–4) | number of days with precipitation during a given period [№] |
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Wheat Development Period | Parameter | 2007/2008 | 2008/2009 | 2009/2010 | 2010/2011 | 2011/2012 | 2012/2013 | 2013/2014 | 2014/2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sowing to onset of dormancy (tp ≥ 3 °C) (1) | Sowing date | 3 Oct | 20 Oct | 10 Oct | 14 Oct | 13 Oct | 4 Oct | 4 Oct | 3 Oct |
D (1) | 33 | 32 | 20 | 41 | 27 | 23 | 41 | 21 | |
t (1) | 6.8 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 11.8 | |
P (1) | 20.7 | 24.1 | 93.6 | 37.8 | 4.8 | 39.3 | 62.1 | 25.6 | |
NdP (1) | 8 | 8 | 18 | 21 | 6 | 14 | 16 | 5 | |
Dormancy period (tp < 3 °C) (2) | Dormancy period date | 5 Nov | 21 Nov | 30 Oct | 24 Nov | 9 Nov | 27 Oct | 14 Nov | 24 Oct |
D (2) | 109 | 126 | 139 | 107 | 128 | 165 | 93 | 141 | |
t (2) | −0.2 | −0.8 | −2.0 | −3.3 | −1.5 | −1.0 | 0.2 | −1.2 | |
P (2) | 87.7 | 171.5 | 167.2 | 101.6 | 94.8 | 260.7 | 121.7 | 143.3 | |
NdP (2) | 41 | 65 | 77 | 62 | 70 | 84 | 40 | 46 | |
Vegetative growth of plants (tp ≥ 3 °C) (3) | Vegetative growth date | 22 Feb | 27 Mar | 18 Mar | 11 Mar | 16 Mar | 10 Apr | 15 Feb | 13 Mar |
D (3) | 112 | 91 | 92 | 89 | 80 | 68 | 100 | 89 | |
t (3) | 9.1 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 14.6 | 8.8 | 8.5 | |
P (3) | 230.5 | 200.2 | 228.2 | 79.7 | 123.6 | 186.5 | 215.1 | 199.4 | |
NdP (3) | 53 | 37 | 46 | 23 | 29 | 29 | 41 | 34 | |
Generative growth of plants (4) | Generative growth date | 13 June | 26 June | 18 June | 8 June | 4 June | 17 June | 26 May | 10 June |
D (4) | 55 | 46 | 50 | 59 | 65 | 51 | 74 | 59 | |
t (4) | 18.2 | 20.0 | 20.3 | 18.3 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 18.9 | 16.2 | |
P (4) | 111 | 86.1 | 150.8 | 260 | 112.9 | 172.5 | 250.1 | 54.9 | |
NdP (4) | 23 | 17 | 16 | 37 | 28 | 15 | 31 | 15 | |
Harvest date | 6 Aug | 10 Aug | 6 Aug | 5 Aug | 7 Aug | 6 Aug | 7 Aug | 7 Aug |
Varible | P (1) | P (2) | P (3) | P (4) | t (1) | t (2) | t (3) | t (4) | NdP (1) | NdP (2) | NdP (3) | NdP (4) | D | D (1) | D (2) | D (3) | D (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase in length (∆L) | 0.24 | −0.16 | 0.33 | −0.25 | −0.34 * | −0.16 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.58 * | - | 0.70 * | −0.10 | −0.08 | 0.55 * | - |
Variable | IN | SL | PW | GN | GW | SW | P (1) | P (2) | P (3) | P (4) | t (1) | t (2) | t (3) | t (4) | NdP (1) | NdP (2) | NdP (3) | NdP (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IN | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.24 | −0.14 | 0.02 | −0.24 | −0.16 | 0.23 | −0.05 | −0.24 | −0.20 | −0.22 | −0.14 | −0.23 | 0.02 |
SL | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.43 * | 0.09 | −0.32 | 0.25 | 0.02 | −0.43 * | 0.74 * | −0.28 | −0.31 | 0.42 * | 0.41 * | 0.59 * | 0.32 | −0.44 * | 0.40 * | |
PW | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.17 | −0.12 | −0.16 | 0.00 | −0.50 * | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.30 | −0.12 | −0.42 * | ||
GN | 1.00 | 0.58 * | 0.36 * | 0.11 | 0.02 | −0.32 | 0.23 | −0.42 * | −0.68 * | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.38 * | 0.32 | −0.29 | 0.26 | |||
GW | 1.00 | 0.84 * | 0.04 | 0.09 | −0.29 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.51 * | −0.02 | −0.23 | 0.21 | 0.06 | −0.30 | 0.03 | ||||
SW | 1.00 | −0.20 | −0.07 | −0.18 | −0.40 * | 0.15 | −0.38 * | −0.36 * | −0.47 * | −0.20 | −0.18 | −0.16 | −0.07 |
Variable | TGW | Yield | P (1) | P (2) | P (3) | P (4) | t (1) | t (2) | t (3) | t (4) | NdP (1) | NdP (2) | NdP (3) | NdP (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant density at harvest (PDH) | 0.15 | 0.75 * | 0.19 | 0.18 | −0.23 | −0.02 | 0.26 | −0.19 | −0.21 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.21 | 0.04 |
TGW | 1.00 | 0.26 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.15 | −0.24 | −0.39 * | 0.38 * | −0.49 * | 0.21 | 0.45 * |
Yield | 1.00 | 0.37 * | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.25 | 0.27 | −0.03 | −0.26 | −0.01 | 0.26 | −0.26 | −0.067 | 0.28 |
Dependent Variable | Regression Equation | Determination Coefficient R2 | F Statistic | Probability p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spike length (SL) | Y = 0.19∙t (3) + 0.01∙P (4) + 5.56 | 0.80 | 25.97 | 0.00003 |
Straw weight (SW) | Y = −0.09∙t (2) − 0.114∙t (4) − 0.001∙P (4) + 3.32 | 0.89 | 37.05 | 0.00000 |
Plant weight (PW) | Y = −0.16∙t (2) + 2.64 | 0.40 | 5.84 | 0.02186 |
Grain weight (GW) | Y = −0.016∙t (2) + 1.16 | 0.68 | 26.52 | 0.00001 |
1000-grain weight (TGW) | Y = −0.013∙NdP (2) + 54.25 | 0.43 | 6.85 | 0.01377 |
Yield (dt) | Y = 0.27∙PDH − 57.18 | 0.69 | 27.51 | 0.000012 |
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Węgrzyn, A.; Klimek-Kopyra, A.; Dacewicz, E.; Skowera, B.; Grygierzec, W.; Kulig, B.; Flis-Olszewska, E. Effect of Selected Meteorological Factors on the Growth Rate and Seed Yield of Winter Wheat—A Case Study. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122924
Węgrzyn A, Klimek-Kopyra A, Dacewicz E, Skowera B, Grygierzec W, Kulig B, Flis-Olszewska E. Effect of Selected Meteorological Factors on the Growth Rate and Seed Yield of Winter Wheat—A Case Study. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122924
Chicago/Turabian StyleWęgrzyn, Alicja, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, Ewa Dacewicz, Barbara Skowera, Wiesław Grygierzec, Bogdan Kulig, and Ewelina Flis-Olszewska. 2022. "Effect of Selected Meteorological Factors on the Growth Rate and Seed Yield of Winter Wheat—A Case Study" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122924