Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Growth, Physiology and Postharvest Quality of Kale (Brassica oleracea), Wheat (Triticum durum) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Microgreens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microgreen Cultivation and Experimental Design
2.2. Measurements and Observations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physiology Measurements
3.2. Fresh and Dry Weight Production
3.3. Color Parameters and Texture at Harvest and Postharvest
3.4. Respiration Rates as O2 Consumption and CO2 Production at Harvest and During Storage
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photosynthetic Rate (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | Transpiration Rate (mmol H2O m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (mol m−2 s−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Kale | |||
Control | 7.17 d | 0.92 d | 0.04 b |
S-15 | 8.58 bc | 1.15 b | 0.08 a |
S-30 | 9.11 a | 1.31 a | 0.08 a |
S-45 | 8.38 c | 1.03 c | 0.09 a |
P-5 | 6.75 de | 0.90 d | 0.08 a |
P-10 | 6.62 e | 0.88 d | 0.08 a |
P-15 | 6.86 de | 0.89 d | 0.07 a |
H-10 | 8.58 bc | 1.20 b | 0.09 a |
H-20 | 8.77 abc | 1.17 b | 0.09 a |
H-30 | 8.95 ab | 1.21 b | 0.09 a |
Ftreat | 47.456 *** | 29.273 *** | 3.870 ** |
Wheat | |||
Control | 10.70 d | 1.62 c | 0.22 b |
S-15 | 13.12 c | 2.30 b | 0.28 a |
S-30 | 14.56 ab | 2.28 b | 0.30 a |
S-45 | 14.02 abc | 2.34 b | 0.30 a |
P-5 | 13.90 abc | 2.44 b | 0.32 a |
P-10 | 14.68 a | 2.26 b | 0.32 a |
P-15 | 14.04 abc | 2.30 b | 0.34a |
H-10 | 14.08 abc | 2.36 b | 0.32 a |
H-20 | 13.78 abc | 2.84 a | 0.34 a |
H-30 | 13.62 bc | 2.92 a | 0.34 a |
Ftreat | 14.763 *** | 23.967 *** | 4.222 ** |
Spinach | |||
Control | 14.68 c | 1.66 d | 0.18 d |
S-15 | 15.12 bc | 1.82 c | 0.30 c |
S-30 | 15.78 b | 1.80 c | 0.30 c |
S-45 | 15.22 bc | 1.92 b | 0.30 c |
P-5 | 15.40 bc | 1.94 b | 0.28 c |
P-10 | 15.82 b | 1.94 b | 0.30 c |
P-15 | 15.14 bc | 2.00 b | 0.30 c |
H-10 | 19.08 a | 2.28 a | 0.32 bc |
H-20 | 19.24 a | 2.30 a | 0.38 a |
H-30 | 18.50 a | 2.30 a | 0.36 ab |
Ftreat | 33.086 *** | 67.228 *** | 11.648 *** |
At Harvest | Postharvest (8 DAH) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* | a* | a* | Texture (g) | L* | a* | b* | Texture (g) | |
Kale | ||||||||
Control | 44.04 | −16.53 | 20.69 | 73.25 | 45.51 | −17.27 | 23.26 | 75.22 |
S-15 | 44.41 | −16.50 | 20.79 | 86.29 | 45.77 | −17.07 | 23.26 | 89.67 |
S-30 | 44.69 | −16.01 | 20.81 | 80.69 | 44.71 | −16.42 | 21.71 | 90.92 |
S-45 | 44.09 | −16.20 | 20.62 | 88.08 | 45.90 | −17.08 | 23.25 | 84.76 |
P-5 | 45.21 | −16.29 | 20.84 | 86.29 | 45.44 | −15.63 | 22.49 | 84.40 |
P-10 | 44.87 | −16.43 | 21.08 | 80.69 | 45.21 | −16.77 | 22.90 | 86.62 |
P-15 | 44.97 | −16.31 | 20.41 | 84.54 | 44.44 | −16.45 | 21.65 | 81.34 |
H-10 | 45.26 | −16.54 | 20.83 | 84.42 | 45.39 | −16.99 | 23.15 | 79.20 |
H-20 | 44.48 | −15.99 | 20.08 | 86.56 | 44.90 | −16.53 | 22.08 | 80.39 |
H-30 | 44.49 | −15.88 | 20.11 | 81.59 | 45.07 | −16.70 | 21.87 | 89.59 |
Ftreat | 1.253 ns | 1.432 ns | 1.038 ns | 1.135 ns | 0.466 ns | 1.005 ns | 1.200 ns | 1.876 ns |
Wheat | ||||||||
Control | 43.11a | −18.78 ab | 22.66 | 163.28 | 42.21 | −17.66ab | 23.38 | 164.61 |
S-15 | 43.25a | −19.13 bcd | 22.82 | 172.36 | 43.55 | −18.03abc | 24.32 | 177.17 |
S-30 | 43.08a | −19.20 bcd | 22.59 | 173.63 | 43.95 | −18.89abc | 24.70 | 170.28 |
S-45 | 42.85a | −19.26 cd | 23.06 | 174.94 | 44.57 | −19.49c | 25.71 | 176.60 |
P-5 | 42.70a | −18.90 abcd | 22.70 | 172.13 | 44.61 | −19.46c | 25.20 | 167.92 |
P-10 | 42.05ab | −19.21 bcd | 22.95 | 151.97 | 44.93 | −18.91abc | 25.39 | 172.71 |
P-15 | 42.43a | −19.32 cd | 23.01 | 165.30 | 42.96 | −18.57abc | 24.14 | 160.36 |
H-10 | 43.42a | −19.36 d | 23.36 | 171.60 | 44.23 | −17.39a | 23.06 | 154.64 |
H-20 | 42.97a | −18.88 abc | 22.71 | 146.90 | 43.32 | −17.94abc | 24.66 | 167.80 |
H-30 | 40.84b | −18.48 a | 22.80 | 151.90 | 44.42 | −19.03bc | 24.83 | 165.50 |
Ftreat | 2.980 * | 4.137 ** | 0.859 ns | 1.619 ns | 0.630 ns | 0.041 * | 0.459 ns | 0.743 ns |
Spinach | ||||||||
Control | 41.59 | −17.51 | 23.59 a | 43.64 | 41.75 | −17.73 b | 23.20 | 49.02 |
S-15 | 42.67 | −17.60 | 23.07 ab | 50.64 | 41.99 | −17.57 b | 22.74 | 47.94 |
S-30 | 41.27 | −16.94 | 21.69 cd | 44.83 | 40.04 | −17.80 b | 23.30 | 49.63 |
S-45 | 41.92 | −17.35 | 22.49 abc | 49.53 | 40.85 | −16.75 ab | 21.55 | 53.89 |
P-5 | 42.76 | −17.61 | 22.98 abc | 50.64 | 39.96 | −16.52 ab | 21.79 | 58.09 |
P-10 | 42.60 | −16.97 | 21.67 cd | 44.83 | 40.28 | −16.94 ab | 23.13 | 54.34 |
P-15 | 42.75 | −17.66 | 23.10 ab | 45.89 | 39.41 | −16.68 ab | 22.65 | 49.73 |
H-10 | 41.50 | −17.21 | 22.26 abc | 46.99 | 41.95 | −17.57 b | 22.92 | 50.88 |
H-20 | 42.03 | −17.17 | 22.00 bc | 48.54 | 40.44 | −16.64 ab | 22.56 | 53.10 |
H-30 | 41.46 | −16.57 | 20.56 d | 48.07 | 39.59 | −15.95 a | 21.72 | 57.06 |
Ftreat | 1.729 ns | 2.176 ns | 4.674 ** | 1.317 ns | 1.142 ns | 2.416 * | 0.983 ns | 0.461 ns |
At Harvest | Postharvest (8 DAH) | Weight Loss (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respiration as O2 Consumption (mL/kg/h) | Respiration as CO2 Production (mL/kg/h) | Respiration as O2 Consumption (mL/kg/h) | Respiration as CO2 Production (mL/kg/h) | ||
Kale | |||||
Control | 132.38 | 88.25 | 70.06 | 86.86 | 1.923 |
S-15 | 84.02 | 98.37 | 76.48 | 84.23 | 2.090 |
S-30 | 122.84 | 122.84 | 72.95 | 104.36 | 2.148 |
S-45 | 141.27 | 141.27 | 98.67 | 110.01 | 2.076 |
P-5 | 103.53 | 103.53 | 66.77 | 103.30 | 2.208 |
P-10 | 110.56 | 122.06 | 71.70 | 96.89 | 2.136 |
P-15 | 96.74 | 96.74 | 75.59 | 92.08 | 2.103 |
H-10 | 93.72 | 121.66 | 80.44 | 80.44 | 2.251 |
H-20 | 110.22 | 101.47 | 75.94 | 83.22 | 1.923 |
H-30 | 144.91 | 144.91 | 86.08 | 104.95 | 2.666 |
Ftreat | 2.082ns | 2.074 ns | 0.599 ns | 0.821 ns | 0.247 ns |
Wheat | |||||
Control | 65.53 b | 78.89 cd | 89.10 | 65.97 bc | 1.229 |
S-15 | 64.29 b | 75.82 cd | 85.76 | 37.18 c | 1.447 |
S-30 | 62.65 b | 78.54 cd | 73.48 | 36.41 c | 1.485 |
S-45 | 61.02 b | 67.99 d | 101.15 | 75.81 abc | 1.608 |
P-5 | 75.85 ab | 89.90 bcd | 100.77 | 88.45 ab | 1.599 |
P-10 | 87.25 ab | 99.43 abc | 101.94 | 91.17 ab | 2.034 |
P-15 | 82.93 ab | 97.76 abc | 108.73 | 94.17 ab | 1.999 |
H-10 | 80.47 ab | 104.65 ab | 74.38 | 76.40 abc | 1.927 |
H-20 | 87.05 ab | 104.33 ab | 142.93 | 119.40 a | 2.194 |
H-30 | 98.14 a | 121.26 a | 113.86 | 107.08 ab | 2.688 |
Ftreat | 2.563 * | 5.195 ** | 1.237 ns | 3.894 * | 1.982 ns |
Spinach | |||||
Control | 60.42 | 60.42 e | 34.66 b | 10.93 d | 2.272 |
S-15 | 57.66 | 63.35 e | 47.43 b | 20.64 d | 2.397 |
S-30 | 61.69 | 80.32 cde | 37.82 b | 24.95 cd | 2.588 |
S-45 | 71.44 | 77.17 de | 39.72 b | 39.72 bc | 2.069 |
P-5 | 62.84 | 80.70 cde | 52.89 b | 41.26 bc | 2.037 |
P-10 | 63.48 | 103.78 abc | 45.33 b | 45.33 b | 1.660 |
P-15 | 72.75 | 78.49 cde | 43.65 b | 50.23 b | 1.374 |
H-10 | 70.26 | 92.33 bcd | 51.72 b | 45.33 b | 2.202 |
H-20 | 96.57 | 119.57 a | 50.76 b | 56.97 b | 1.704 |
H-30 | 75.84 | 108.70 ab | 91.47 a | 91.47 a | 2.224 |
Ftreat | 1.379 ns | 5.763 ** | 5.116 ** | 13.541 *** | 1.121 ns |
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Katsenios, N.; Christopoulos, M.V.; Kakabouki, I.; Vlachakis, D.; Kavvadias, V.; Efthimiadou, A. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Growth, Physiology and Postharvest Quality of Kale (Brassica oleracea), Wheat (Triticum durum) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Microgreens. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071364
Katsenios N, Christopoulos MV, Kakabouki I, Vlachakis D, Kavvadias V, Efthimiadou A. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Growth, Physiology and Postharvest Quality of Kale (Brassica oleracea), Wheat (Triticum durum) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Microgreens. Agronomy. 2021; 11(7):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071364
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatsenios, Nikolaos, Miltiadis V. Christopoulos, Ioanna Kakabouki, Dimitrios Vlachakis, Victor Kavvadias, and Aspasia Efthimiadou. 2021. "Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Growth, Physiology and Postharvest Quality of Kale (Brassica oleracea), Wheat (Triticum durum) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Microgreens" Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071364