Cladosporium sp. Isolate as Fungal Plant Growth Promoting Agent
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganism
2.2. Keratin Substrate
2.3. Fungal Cultivation for Protein Hydrolysates (PHs) Preparation
2.4. Antagonism versus Plants Pathogens
2.5. Evaluation of Tomato Growth Promotion by Volatiles Produced by Isolates
2.6. Enzymatic Activities
2.7. Colorimetric Assay for 3-Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Production
2.8. In Vitro Zinc Solubilization Assessment Using Plate Assay
2.9. In Vitro Phosphate Solubilization Assessment Using Plate Assay
2.10. Nitrogen Content of Protein Hydrolysates
2.11. Test In Vivo for the Capacity to Promote Tomato Seedlings Growth (Pot Experiments)
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antagonism versus Plant Pathogens
3.2. Effects of Volatiles Secreted by Cladosporium Isolates
3.3. Secretion of Hydrolytic Enzymes
3.4. IAA Production
3.5. Capacity of Zinc and Phosphorus Solubilising
3.6. Nitrogen Content
3.7. Pot Experiments with Tomato Seedlings Treated with Protein Hydrolysates from Cladosporium Cultures
3.8. Statistic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antagonistic Fungal Isolate | Inhibition * (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F. graminearum | B. allii | S. sclerotiorum | R. solani | |
Cladosporium sp. T1 | 35.6 ± 0.5 | 37.1 ± 0.4 | 40.8 ± 0.9 | 35.5 ± 0.5 |
Cladosporium sp. T2 | 57.4 ± 0.5 | 86.4 ± 0.5 | 62.6 ± 0.5 | 56.9 ± 0.9 |
Cladosporium sp. T3 | 47.1 ± 0.4 | 58.3 ± 0.6 | 29.2 ± 0.4 | 41.7 ± 0.5 |
Fungal Isolate | Growth Parameters * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Weight (g) | Total Height (cm) | Plant Height (cm) | Root System Length (cm) | Number of Leaves | |
Cladosporium sp. T1 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | Two leaves of medium size |
Cladosporium sp. T2 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | Two leaves of medium size |
Cladosporium sp. T3 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | Two leaves of medium size |
Control | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | Two leaves of small size |
Culture Filtrate from Isolates | Colony Diameter (cm) * | ||
---|---|---|---|
Keratinase Activity | Chitinase Activity | Cellulase Activity | |
Cladosporium sp. T1 (medium without feathers) | 0 | 0 | 0.6 ± 0.05 mm |
Cladosporium sp. T1 (medium with feathers) | 2.6 ± 0.05 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.05 |
Cladosporium sp. T2 (medium without feathers) | 0.7 ± 0.05 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.05 |
Cladosporium sp. T2 (medium with feathers) | 4.3 ± 0.05 | 3.4 ± 0.09 | 3.1 ± 0.08 |
Cladosporium sp. T3 (medium without feathers) | 0.6 ± 0.06 | 0.8 ± 0.05 | 0.8 ± 0.08 |
Cladosporium sp. T3 (medium with feathers) | 3.2 ± 0.00 | 3.2 ± 0.05 | 2.4 ± 0.09 |
Strain | DO*530 nm (PDB Medium) | DO*530 nm (PDB + L-Tryptophan) |
---|---|---|
Cladosporium T1 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.024 ± 0.001 |
Cladosporium T2 | 0.076 ± 0.002 | 0.125 ± 0.012 |
Cladosporium T3 | 0.047 ± 0.001 | 0.102 ± 0.002 |
Control (culture medium) | 0.010 ±0.002 | 0.014 ± 0.001 |
Sample | Total Nitrogen * (Kjeldhal) (mg/mg) | Ammonium Nitrogen * (mg/mg) | Protein Nitrogen * (mg/mg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium no Feathers | Medium with Feathers | Medium no Feathers | Medium with Feathers | Medium no Feathers | Medium with Feathers | |
Cladosporium T1 isolate | 127 × 10−3 | 137 × 10−3 | 61 × 10−3 | 87 × 10−3 | 66 × 10−3 | 50 × 10−3 |
Cladosporium T2 isolate | 90 × 10−3 | 569 × 10−3 | 93 ×10−3 | 211 × 10−3 | 55 × 10−3 | 358 × 10−3 |
Cladosporium T3 isolate | 102 × 10−3 | 120 × 10−3 | 88 × 10−3 | 87 × 10−3 | 33 × 10−3 | nd |
Minimal basal medium-Control | 80 × 10−3 | 96 × 10−3 | 60 × 10−3 | 84 × 10−3 | 20 × 10−3 | 12 × 10−3 |
Protein Hydrolysates Obtained from Cladosporium Cultures Grown on Different Media | Stem Height * (cm) | Stem Weight * (g) | Root Weight * (g) |
---|---|---|---|
Isolate T1 (medium without feathers) | 8.48 ± 0.9 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
Isolate T1P (medium with feathers) | 8.88 ± 0.9 | 0.48 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.02 |
Isolate T2 (medium without feathers) | 8.62 ± 0.9 | 0.55± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
Isolate T2P (medium with feathers) | 9.34 ± 0.7 | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 0.09 ± 0.03 |
Isolate T3 (medium without feathers) | 8.33 ± 0.7 | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
Isolate T3P (medium with feathers) | 9.23 ± 0.9 | 0.51 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.03 |
Minimal medium (MM) | 6.73 ± 0.8 | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.02 |
Control (water) | 6.37 ± 0.9 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.02 |
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Răut, I.; Călin, M.; Capră, L.; Gurban, A.-M.; Doni, M.; Radu, N.; Jecu, L. Cladosporium sp. Isolate as Fungal Plant Growth Promoting Agent. Agronomy 2021, 11, 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020392
Răut I, Călin M, Capră L, Gurban A-M, Doni M, Radu N, Jecu L. Cladosporium sp. Isolate as Fungal Plant Growth Promoting Agent. Agronomy. 2021; 11(2):392. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020392
Chicago/Turabian StyleRăut, Iuliana, Mariana Călin, Luiza Capră, Ana-Maria Gurban, Mihaela Doni, Nicoleta Radu, and Luiza Jecu. 2021. "Cladosporium sp. Isolate as Fungal Plant Growth Promoting Agent" Agronomy 11, no. 2: 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020392
APA StyleRăut, I., Călin, M., Capră, L., Gurban, A.-M., Doni, M., Radu, N., & Jecu, L. (2021). Cladosporium sp. Isolate as Fungal Plant Growth Promoting Agent. Agronomy, 11(2), 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020392