Human Waste Substitute Strategies Enhanced Crop Yield, Crop Quality, and Soil Fertility in Vegetable Cultivation Soils in North China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Soil and Vegetable Sampling and Preparation
2.3. Soil Chemistry and Enzyme Activity
2.4. Vegetable Yield and Quality
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Soil Chemistry
3.2. Soil Enzyme Activity and Correlation with Soil Chemistry
3.3. Yield and Quality Analysis and Correlation with Soil Fertility
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Human Waste (g · pot−1) | Urea (g · pot−1) | Superphosphate (g · pot−1) | Potassium Sulfate (g · pot−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | - | - | - | - |
HW | 136.6 | - | - | - |
CF | - | 1.0 | 13.2 | 1.0 |
P1 | 45.5 | 0.7 | 8.8 | 0.7 |
P2 | 91.0 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.3 |
Soil Types | Treatment | TN (%) | TC (%) | C/N | AP (mg · kg−1) | AK (mg · kg−1) | OM (g · kg−1) | pH (1:2.5) | EC (mS · cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cambisols | n-CK | 0.04 ± 0.00aB | 1.91 ± 0.00aA | 46.17 ± 1.80aA | 6.8 ± 0.0cB | 54.8 ± 2.6cA | 6.0 ± 0.2aB | 8.5 ± 0.1aA | 0.5 ± 0.0bA |
n-HW | 0.05 ± 0.01aB | 1.90 ± 0.00aB | 39.06 ± 4.99aA | 7.2 ± 0.4cB | 60.4 ± 2.6bcA | 6.1 ± 0.0aB | 8.2 ± 0.1abA | 1.0 ± 0.4bA | |
n-CF | 0.05 ± 0.01aB | 1.90 ± 0.01aA | 39.50 ± 5.10aA | 35.2 ± 5.6aB | 122.2 ± 10.1aA | 6.1 ± 0.2aB | 8.0 ± 0.1bA | 2.0 ± 0.4aA | |
n-P1 | 0.05 ± 0.00aB | 1.92 ± 0.00aA | 41.22 ± 0.80aB | 24.5 ± 3.6bB | 76.1 ± 3.3bB | 6.1 ± 0.1aB | 8.1 ± 0.1bA | 1.2 ± 0.3abA | |
n-P2 | 0.05 ± 0.00aB | 1.90 ± 0.01aB | 40.98 ± 1.97aB | 14.6 ± 1.1cB | 67.8 ± 4.8bcA | 6.2 ± 0.2aB | 8.2 ± 0.0abA | 0.7 ± 0.1bB | |
Alisols | e-CK | 0.23 ± 0.01aA | 1.96 ± 0.03aA | 8.63 ± 0.18aB | 43.8 ± 0.7dA | 39.9 ± 1.9cB | 35.3 ± 0.5aA | 4.9 ± 0.04aB | 0.3 ± 0.0dB |
e-HW | 0.23 ± 0.00aA | 1.95 ± 0.01aA | 8.40 ± 0.11abB | 47.1 ± 1.1dA | 53.0 ± 2.0bcA | 34.9 ± 0.2aA | 4.6 ± 0.06bB | 1.0 ± 0.3cdA | |
e-CF | 0.24 ± 0.01aA | 1.90 ± 0.06aA | 8.09 ± 0.14bB | 86.0 ± 4.6aA | 113.5 ± 8.2aA | 33.9 ± 1.2aA | 4.2 ± 0.02dA | 3.3 ± 0.7aA | |
e-P1 | 0.23 ± 0.00aA | 1.90 ± 0.02aA | 8.19 ± 0.14abA | 64.6 ± 0.8bA | 117.2 ± 4.0aA | 34.2 ± 0.2aA | 4.3 ± 0.044dB | 2.4 ± 0.3abA | |
e-P2 | 0.24 ± 0.00aA | 1.99 ± 0.03aA | 8.47 ± 0.13abA | 57.7 ± 1.6cA | 69.1 ± 13.5bA | 35.9 ± 0.9aA | 4.4 ± 0.01cB | 1.7 ± 0.3bcA |
Cambisols | Alisols | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axes | Axis I | Axis II | Axis III | Axis IV | Axis I | Axis II | Axis III | Axis IV |
Eigenvalues | 0.8589 | 0.0006 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.9374 | 0.0031 | 0.0000 | - |
Cumulative percentage variance of soil enzyme (%) | 85.89 | 85.95 | 85.95 | 85.95 | 93.74 | 94.05 | 94.06 | - |
Soil enzyme activity-soil chemical properties correlations | 0.9271 | 0.8767 | 0.9260 | 0.8938 | 0.9698 | 0.9689 | 0.9049 | - |
Cumulative percentage variance of soil enzyme activity-soil chemical properties correlations (%) | 99.93 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 99.67 | 100.00 | 100.00 | - |
Sum of all canonical eigenvalues | 0.8595 | 0.9405 | ||||||
Sum of all eigenvalues | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Soil Types | Treatments | Yield (kg ha−1) | Nitrate (g · kg−1) | Soluble Sugar (%) | Vitamin C (mg 100 g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cambisols | n-CK | 4272.6 ± 424.7cB | 0.14 ± 0.00cA | 0.72 ± 0.06aA | 7.6 ± 0.0cA |
n-HW | 9558.5 ± 469.8bB | 3.09 ± 1.51abcB | 0.34 ± 0.08bA | 7.5 ± 0.6cA | |
n-CF | 12,103.7 ± 2542.8bA | 6.17 ± 0.27aA | 0.41 ± 0.10abA | 8.0 ± 0.5bcA | |
n-P1 | 19,296.0 ± 1577.2aA | 3.43 ± 1.45abA | 0.71 ± 0.18aA | 10.6 ± 0.4aA | |
n-P2 | 18,385.4 ± 988.8aA | 1.80 ± 0.51bcB | 0.33 ± 0.03bA | 9.1 ± 0.5bA | |
Alisols | e-CK | 16,208.7 ± 1333.6aA | 0.05 ± 0.01bB | 0.36 ± 0.12aA | 7.6 ± 0.5aA |
e-HW | 24,460.0 ± 3085.1aA | 3.63 ± 0.79aA | 0.25 ± 0.01aA | 6.6 ± 0.7aA | |
e-CF | 21,754.3 ± 3487.3aA | 4.43 ± 0.72aA | 0.25 ± 0.01aA | 6.8 ± 1.5aA | |
e-P1 | 24,015.2 ± 1391.1aA | 3.63 ± 0.37aA | 0.40 ± 0.04aA | 7.7 ± 0.4aB | |
e-P2 | 23,767.8 ± 2064.7aA | 4.67 ± 0.84aA | 0.41 ± 0.08aA | 8.4 ± 0.2aA |
Cambisols | Alisols | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axes | Axis I | Axis II | Axis III | Axis IV | Axis I | Axis II | Axis III | Axis IV |
Eigenvalues | 0.8613 | 0.0097 | 0.0012 | 0.0000 | 0.7297 | 0.0074 | 0.0029 | 0.0000 |
Cumulative interpretation of vegetable yield and quality characteristics (%) | 86.13 | 87.10 | 87.22 | 87.23 | 72.97 | 73.71 | 74.00 | 74.01 |
Vegetable yield and quality-soil chemical properties correlations | 0.9338 | 0.9485 | 0.9469 | 0.8737 | 0.8609 | 0.8376 | 0.7717 | 0.8573 |
Cumulative percentage variance of vegetable yield and quality-soil chemical properties correlations (%) | 98.75 | 99.86 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 98.59 | 99.60 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Sum of all canonical eigenvalues | 0.8710 | 0.7371 | ||||||
Sum of all eigenvalues | 1.000 | 1.000 |
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Liu, B.; Yang, B.; Zhang, C.; Wei, X.; Cao, H.; Zheng, X. Human Waste Substitute Strategies Enhanced Crop Yield, Crop Quality, and Soil Fertility in Vegetable Cultivation Soils in North China. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112232
Liu B, Yang B, Zhang C, Wei X, Cao H, Zheng X. Human Waste Substitute Strategies Enhanced Crop Yield, Crop Quality, and Soil Fertility in Vegetable Cultivation Soils in North China. Agronomy. 2021; 11(11):2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112232
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Bo, Bo Yang, Chunxue Zhang, Xiaocheng Wei, Haoyu Cao, and Xiangqun Zheng. 2021. "Human Waste Substitute Strategies Enhanced Crop Yield, Crop Quality, and Soil Fertility in Vegetable Cultivation Soils in North China" Agronomy 11, no. 11: 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112232