Influence of an Alternative Soil Management System to Herbicide Use on Tree Vigor, Yield, and Quality of Apple Fruit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tree Growth
2.2. Yield Assessment
2.3. Fruit Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Yield (kg·Tree−1) | Cumulative Yield 2012–2016 (kg·Tree−1) | Crop Efficiency Index (kg·cm−2) | Biennial Bearing Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||
HS | 4.7 a * | 8.3 a,b | 11.8 a | 21.1 b | 12.9 a | 58.7 b | 3.62 b | 0.24 a,b |
MC | 3.9 a | 6.7 a | 10.2 a | 14.9 a | 10.4 a | 46.1 a | 2.34 a | 0.21 a |
MM | 3.2 a | 9.2 a,b | 12.6 a | 20.5 b | 13.1 a | 58.6 b | 2.56 a,b | 0.26 a,b |
BC | 3.8 a | 12.1 b | 11.0 a | 22.5 b | 9.48 a | 58.9 b | 3.33 b | 0.34 b |
Parameter | Treatment | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean 2012–2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit mass (g) | HS | 188 a* | 192 a | 224 a | 198 a,b | 214 a | 203 a |
MC | 190 a | 184 a | 223 a | 205 a,b | 216 a | 203 a | |
MM | 213 b | 191 a | 241 a | 211 b | 217 a | 215 b | |
BC | 204 a,b | 183 a | 231 a | 189 a | 210 a | 203 a | |
Firmness (kg) | HS | 7.0 a | 7.1 a | 7.8 a | 6.4 a | 6.7 a | 7.1 a |
MC | 7.1 a | 7.1 a | 7.8 a | 6.8 a | 7.1 a | 7.2 a | |
MM | 7.6 a | 7.1 a | 7.6 a | 6.6 a | 6.9 a | 7.2 a | |
BC | 7.5 a | 6.5 a | 7.9 a | 6.4 a | 7.1 a | 7.1 a | |
SSC (°Brix) | HS | 12.7 a | 14.5 a | 15.2 a | 13.3 a | 14.1 a | 14.0 a |
MC | 15.1 b | 14.8 a | 15.2 a | 13.7 a | 13.8 a | 14.5 b | |
MM | 14.6 b | 14.6 a | 15.2 a | 13.7 a | 14.0 a | 14.4 a,b | |
BC | 14.8 b | 14.1 a | 15.2 a | 13.8 a | 14.0 a | 14.4 a,b |
Parameter | Treatment | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean 2012–2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Firmness (kG) | HS | 5.1 a * | 5.8 a | 5.8 a | 3.9 a | 4.69 a | 5.08 a |
MC | 5.2 a | 5.8 a | 5.7 a | 4.1 a | 4.78 a | 5.16 a | |
MM | 5.3 a | 5.8 a | 5.7 a | 4.0 a | 4.70 a | 5.11 a | |
BC | 5.0 a | 5.7 a | 5.8 a | 3.9 a | 4.50 a | 5.01 a | |
SSC (°Brix) | HS | 13.5 a | 15.3 a | 15.4 a | 13.3 a | 13.8 a | 14.2 a |
MC | 14.1 a,b | 15.3 a | 15.5 a | 15.1 b | 14.7 a,b | 15.0 b | |
MM | 14.6 a,b | 15.2 a | 15.3 a | 14.6 a,b | 15.1 b | 14.9 b | |
BC | 15.1 b | 15.1 a | 15.4 a | 14.0 a,b | 14.4 a,b | 14.8 a,b |
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Bokszczanin, K.Ł.; Wrona, D.; Przybyłko, S. Influence of an Alternative Soil Management System to Herbicide Use on Tree Vigor, Yield, and Quality of Apple Fruit. Agronomy 2021, 11, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010058
Bokszczanin KŁ, Wrona D, Przybyłko S. Influence of an Alternative Soil Management System to Herbicide Use on Tree Vigor, Yield, and Quality of Apple Fruit. Agronomy. 2021; 11(1):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010058
Chicago/Turabian StyleBokszczanin, Kamila Łucja, Dariusz Wrona, and Sebastian Przybyłko. 2021. "Influence of an Alternative Soil Management System to Herbicide Use on Tree Vigor, Yield, and Quality of Apple Fruit" Agronomy 11, no. 1: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010058
APA StyleBokszczanin, K. Ł., Wrona, D., & Przybyłko, S. (2021). Influence of an Alternative Soil Management System to Herbicide Use on Tree Vigor, Yield, and Quality of Apple Fruit. Agronomy, 11(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010058