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Article

Can the Application the Silicon Improve the Productivity and Nutritional Value of Grass–Clover Sward in Conditions of Rainfall Shortage in Organic Management?

by
Grażyna Mastalerczuk
1,*,
Barbara Borawska-Jarmułowicz
1,
Piotr Dąbrowski
2,
Ewa Szara
3,
Aneta Perzanowska
1 and
Barbara Wróbel
4
1
Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Nowoursynowska 159 Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Environmental Development, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
3
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Nowoursynowska 159 Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
4
Institute of Technology and Life Sciences (ITP), Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2020, 10(7), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071007
Submission received: 19 June 2020 / Revised: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 / Published: 13 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Climate Change on Grassland Biodiversity and Productivity)
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Abstract

:
To improve sward efficiency and maintain high feed quality in organic farming—as well as compensate for yield losses under anticipated drought periods—alternative fertilization practices should be considered. In this context, this study aimed to assess the response to summer drought of grass–clover sward in organic cultivation under various conditions of foliar fertilization with silicon (Si) (without Si, Si applied with multicomponent fertilizer Herbagreen, Si applied with growth stimulator Optysil). The research was conducted at the certified organic field in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of mowing utilization (from 2015 to 2017). The studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of Si application on the yield of the grass–clover sward, especially under multicomponent fertilizer. Both fertilizers increased roots mass, but growth stimulator (containing mainly Si) had a stronger impact, especially with rainfall scarcity. In such conditions the application of Si decreased flavones concentration in plants and increased values of chlorophyll index. This study also indicated the potential for applying Si fertilizers to improve content of nutrients (crude protein, organic matter digestibility, potassium and phosphorus) in the sward. The results of presented studies may be used in fertilization practice of organic crop for enhancing sward productivity and to compensate for yield losses under condition of rainfall deficiency.

1. Introduction

Summer droughts observed in recent years because of global climate change are a serious agronomic problem. They are also the most important factor contributing to crop yield losses on grasslands. In temperate regions, periods with rainfall shortage are expected to increase in frequency and severity. Drought events can affect yield of grasslands very differently depending on the site conditions such as soil type, pre-drought climatic conditions and the intensity of management [1,2]. Combining soil and weather data with characteristics of grassland management in a simple model allowed a better prediction of herbage production [3]. According to Vogel et al. [4], low mowing frequency increases drought resistance of plants. In the advanced development phase, the plants are characterized by a better developed root system and are less sensitive to lack of rainfall. Moreover, the number of species and aboveground biomass are positively related even under drought conditions, which shows that biomass yield is higher the more diverse a plant community is. However, low management intensity is more important for high resistance against drought than species richness.
Currently, grasslands production are dominated by monocultures of Lolium perenne because of its suitability for grazing, high palatability for cattle and high yield potential. This species is also known for its rapid drought response because it requires a relatively large amount of water to maintain growth. Based on its agronomic characteristics, Trifolium repens is normally grown as a highly productive mixture with L. perenne [5]. Due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, legumes (Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) are considered as complementary species to highly productive swards and less dependent on external nitrogen (N) inputs. This could be a valuable trait where plant-available soil N is increasingly constrained under drought [6].
Organic farming, characterized by low use intensity, is an alternative to intensive agriculture and to its negative impact on the environment, biodiversity and product quality. It stand out by a higher share of grassland, which are the basic feed base in animal production, compared to conventional farms. In such farming grazing plays an important role in many regions of the world. Furthermore, it presents a range of problems including variable and unpredictable herbage growth connected with weather conditions, lower daily herbage intake and output per animal, as well as lower efficiency of N use and often inefficient grazing management [7]. These cause increase to trends towards more frequent cutting sward and limit grazing in dairy farming. Moreover, low yield of dry matter (not exceeding four tons per hectare) and poorer quality of obtained fodder from natural grassland induces farmers to obtain additional forage area for animals from temporary grassland. Grass–clover mixtures cultivated on arable land, used for mowing, grazing or silage production, supplement the missing amount of fodder resulting from the lower level of permanent grassland yielding [8]. Temporary grasslands in organic cultivation with a high share of legume plants allows for obtaining fodder and animal products of better quality with significantly positive environmental impact affecting mainly water cycling [9]. Feeds from temporary grasslands, compared to those obtained from permanent, are better balanced in terms of protein, energy, as well as macro- and microelements [5,10].
On organic farms, the issue of proper plant nutrition plays a key role. The abandonment of chemical fertilizers in favor of biologic and mineral products encourages scientists and farmers to look for new opportunities to improve plant productivity. The solution to the problem may be research on the impact of the use of silicon-containing fertilizers on the yield and feed value of grassland sward. The use of silicon (Si) to fertilize plants is showing increasing interest in many countries [11]. Many studies have shown, that use of Si fertilizers affects the yielding and the quality of useful parts of plants [12,13,14,15]. An improvement in the intensity of physiological and metabolic processes due to Si fertilization was found as well [16,17]. The beneficial effects of Si are also associated with higher plants resistance to biotic and abiotic stress [18]. Silicon supply improves osmoregulation, plant water status, reduces in water loss by transpiration, ensures maintenance of adequate supply of essential nutrients, limits toxic ions uptake and provides efficient functioning of antioxidative mechanisms [16,19,20,21]. Plants growing under conditions of water stress, as a result of Si fertilization, show increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase—SOD, peroxidase—POD, catalase—CAT and ascorbate peroxidase—APX) and a higher concentration of antioxidants. Plants characterized by higher of proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB) and soluble protein content as well [22]. Furthermore, the application of Si encouraging the development of a root system [23]. According to the literature, Si has a role in enhancing root elongation and in protecting the stele as a mechanical barrier by hardening the cell wall of the stele and endodermal tissues. This beneficial effects of Si are restricted to young and immature tissues such as the apical part of the root and the basal part of the leaf in plants in Poaceae [24]. The reaction of plant species to Si fertilization and also the mechanisms of Si absorption are different between plant species [25]. Much research concerns agricultural and horticultural plants cultivated on arable land, although their results are often ambiguous [11,14,17]. There is still insufficient information in the literature about the impact of silicon fertilization on grassland plants, especially in the context of repeated periods of drought. Therefore, there is a need to continue experiments that may allow to understand better the interactions between silicon application and plant response, especially in grass–clover mixture sward in the environmentally friendly organic cultivation.
This study therefore aimed to assess the morphologic, physiological and quality response of grass and clover species to summer drought of in organic cultivation under different condition of silicon fertilization. We focused on the following questions: (1) How does grass–clover sward as well as belowground biomass of plants in organic cultivation respond to silicon fertilization under summer drought? (2) Are the values of the physiological parameters of Lolium perenne and Trifolium pratense under the influence of silicon-containing fertilizers similar in case of rainfall deficiency? (3) How does silicon fertilization affect the content of nutrients in sward of temporary grassland in organic farming?

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Site

The research was conducted at the certified organic field in Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture of Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW (Poland, Skierniewice, 51°57’ N, 20°9’ E). In autumn 2012, on arable land grass–clover mixture was sown with the following composition: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., cv. Solen), red clover (Trifolium pratense L., cv. Nike) and white clover (Trifolium repens L., cv. Grasslands Huia) in a 1:1:1 ratio. The experiment was established on Luvisol soils of the texture of loamy sand [26]. The soil was slightly acidic and characterized by medium potassium, very low phosphorus and very high magnesium content (Table 1). Sward was mowed three times during the growing season every year. The studies were carried out in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of utilization (in the year 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively). After this period, soil properties changed and showed low potassium content and medium phosphorus levels.
Two kinds of foliar silicon (Si) fertilizers, allowed for use on organic farms, were used. The first one multicomponent named Herbagreen (NaturalCrop Poland Sp., Warsaw, Poland) contained silicon, calcium and other nutrients (CaO—36.7%, SiO2—17%, Fe2O3—3.4%, MgO—2.4%, K2O—0.7%, Na2O—0.5%, TiO2—0.5%, SO3—0.4%, P2O5—0.2%, MnO—0.1% and trace amounts B, Co, Cu, Zn). The second growth stimulator named Optysil (Intermag Sp.,, Olkusz, Poland) contained silicon (SiO2) mainly (200 g SiO2—16.5%; and 24 g Fe/L). Three fertilization variants were used: no fertilizer (control), Herbagreen (4 kg/ha) and Optysil (1 L/ha) per each regrowth. Fertilizers were applied twice (4 and 2 weeks before each harvesting). Each treatment was replicated three times and the experiment was carried out as a complete randomized block design. The area of the entire experimental facility was 945 m2 and the separated plot of 105m2 (7m × 15m).

2.2. Evaluation of Plant Productivity

The botanical composition of sward was determined in each regrowth by botanical-weight analysis. Sown and other species (weeds) were separated in the samples (500 g) obtained from each plot. Yields of dry matter (YDM; t/ha) was determined at each harvest. In autumn (October), after the third harvest in each year of research, roots dry biomass of plants (RDM; kg/m2) and stubble mass (SDM; kg/m2) were evaluated by a soil core–break technique [27]. For this purpose, soil–plant samples (three per plot) were taken by using a hydraulic breaker (Atlas Copco, Stockholm, Sweden). Plants were cut above tillering nodes, what allowed to separate a 5 cm layer of stubble. Soil–roots samples were divided into three layers of 10 cm (0–10, 10–20, 20–30). Roots were separated from the soil by washing on sieves in a stream of running water. Then the roots were dried at 70 °C until a constant weight was reached and cleaned from organic parts by hand. The roots were weighed, and the results expressed in kg/m2. From these primary data the harvest index (HI) values were estimated as the ratio of useful yield to biologic yield of plants (Equation (1)):
HI = YDM/(YDM + SDM + RDM)
In order to determine the productivity of aboveground biomass of plants leaf area index (LAI) measurements were made. The study was conducted using a portable AcuuPAR LP-80 meter (Decagon Devices, Inc.,Pullman, WA, USA) equipped with a linear sensor of photosynthetically active PAR radiation, measuring radiation intensity from 0 to over 2,500 µmol/m2/s over a 84 cm length. LAI parameter measurements were made between 10–12.00 a.m., on the day of the harvesting (five per plot).

2.3. Determination of the Relative Content of Flavonols and Chlorophyll

The relative chlorophyll (Chl) and epidermal flavonols (FLV) content were determined in each year using by hand-held leaf-clip sensor Dualex Scientific+ (FORCE-A, France). The measurements were carried out on the day of harvesting, on the central part of mature, fully developed leaf blade of L. perenne and T. pratense, in accordance with a standard protocol recommended by the apparatus manufacturer. Five measurements were taken per each plot. The parameter values expressed in relative units.

2.4. Nutritive Value Analyses

The nutritive value of sward were determined twice—in second and third year of study (2016 and 2017, respectively). The content of potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium in plants was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) while phosphorus by colorimetric method.
The nutrient content of the grass–clover sward: crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) in dry matter was analyzed using the NIRS method on near-infrared spectrometer NIRFlex N-500 (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) with ready-made meadow hay calibrations.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Statistica 13.3 software (Statsoft, Inc. Tulsa, USA). Experiment was carried out as a complete randomized block design. Three fertilization variants were used: no fertilizer (control), Herbagreen and Optysil. Each treatment was replicated three times. The experimental data were analyzed using multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance of differences between means was determined using the Tukey HSD test at the significance level of 0.05. In order to assess the relationships between the physiological parameters and the features of the structure of plant biomass and also nutrients content Pearson correlation coefficients between pairs of traits were evaluated and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed.

3. Results

3.1. Weather Conditions

It was noted that the weather conditions were very diverse in the study period, especially with regard to the amount and distribution of rainfall. During the vegetation periods it was, respectively: in the first year (2015)—270 mm, the second year (2016)—470.1 mm, the third year (2017)—607.7 mm. According to Vinczeffy [28], optimal conditions for meadow plants growth occurs when rainfall is 0.2 mm per 1 °C. Vinczeffy’s climatic index allowed qualifying subsequent years of research (2015, 2016, 2017) in terms of hydrothermal conditions as very dry, moderately moist and rainy, respectively (Figure 1).
In 2015, the hydrothermal conditions reached the optimum level for plant growth only in the spring (in April, climatic index 0.24). Rainfall deficiency was unfavorable for plants growth just during the second regrowth. The index of Vinczeffy has not exceeded 0.125 since the third decade (last 10 days) of June. High temperature and lack of rainfall in the first half of August and also low rainfall in September strongly limited the third regrowth of plants. In late autumn and winter, the air temperature was not too low, which favorably affected the wintering of plants. In April 2016, a slight amount of rainfall was noted, however, moderate temperatures and sufficient moisture in May (climatic index 0.20) favored the development of plants during the first regrowth. Quite dry June and the first half of July (climatic index 0.12) strongly reduced plant growth before the second harvest. While slight rainfall in August and September also limited the last regrowth (index value 0.06 and 0.04, respectively, which classifies this period as disastrously dry). The amount and distribution of rainfall in the growing season 2017 was more favorable for plant growth compared to the previous years. However, the periodic lack of rainfall in the second half of May slightly reduced spring regrowth of plants. A small amount of rainfall was also recorded in July and August (climatic index approximately 0.08), which could have limited plant growth before the third harvest.

3.2. Botanical Composition and Plant Productivity

The research showed not clear effect of the foliar application of silicon-containing fertilizers on the botanic composition of grass–clover sward. However, a change in the share of sown species in individual regrowth was found (Figure 2). L. perenne dominated in the first regrowth (over 80% in the first and second year of study and approximately 50% in last year). Legume plants (T. pratense and T. repens) were dominated in subsequent two regrowths. In the first and second year, T. pratense was characterized by a higher share, while in the third year—T. repens. Non-sown species (other sp.) were present in the sward in low share (annual mean up to 10%). Their higher share (approximately 20%) was found in the last regrowth in the first year of study (2015) and in the first regrowth in the third year (2017) as well.
Our studies demonstrated the effect of fertilizers containing Si on the yield of the grass–clover sward. The yield on control treatment (regardless of other factors) was significantly lower compared to this obtained on fertilized objects, especially under multicomponent Herbagreen (Table 2). Differences in annual yield in subsequent years of study were also shown. It was influenced by weather conditions during the growing season. Plants yielded the best in the rainy, third year of research (2017). Simultaneously, in each year the application of Si fertilizers had a positive effect on the annual yield of sward (not significant in relation to Optysil fertilization in the second year of study).
In subsequent years, the distribution of yields in regrowths was strongly modified by weather conditions. In the first year (2015), drought in August and September particularly strongly reduced the third regrowth of plants (share in annual yield of 6%). In the following year (2016), rainfall deficiency and high air temperature in June–July period significantly reduced the yield of the second regrowth (11% share in annual yields). While, in the last year of research (2017) was distinguished by the most favorable conditions for plant development. Despite the low rainfall in July and August, high humidity and moderate temperatures in September allowed plants to regenerate the above-ground part and the third plant regrowth gave a satisfactory yield. Yield distribution in regrowths was favorable (Table 2).
Weather conditions during the study period affected the root mass of plants in layer of soil 0–30 cm (Table 3). Plants were characterized by a significantly more mass of roots in 2015 and 2016 with a lack of rainfall. In rainy 2017, it was less—by 21.3% and 16.4%, respectively. The studies revealed the impact of the application of fertilizers containing Si on the mass of plant roots as well. Both fertilizers increased roots mass, however more strongly on the below-ground part of plant influenced Optysil, containing Si mainly. Simultaneously, regardless of the year of research, Herbagreen increased the mass of roots in a layer of 0–10 cm, while Optysil affected deeper, up to 20 cm.
Studies have shown variability in plant productivity indices depending on the weather conditions in the years and also under Si application (Table 4). The highest HI value was recorded in 2017 (the most wet) and the lowest in 2016 (moderately moist). The application of Optysil, which increased root mass, caused a decrease in HI value, especially in 2016. Leaf area index fluctuated during study period and their value was the highest in 2017 (higher compared to other years by approximately 30%). It was also found, that both silicon-containing fertilizers increased LAI value, significantly in 2015 and 2017.

3.3. Relative Content of Flavones and Chlorophyll

The relative chlorophyll content (shown by the Chl index) varied depending on the year of the study. In the years with limited rainfall, higher Chl values were found regarding to both L. perenne and T. pratense plants (Table 4). The research also showed the effect of Si fertilization on the Chl value. L. perenne plants significantly reacted by increasing the Chl content under the influence of Si application compare to the control every year. While, in T. pratense a significant increase in Chl values were demonstrated in the first and third year. In 2016, the tendency was similar, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Relative flavones content (demonstrated by the FLV index) in the epidermis of examined leaves changed in subsequent years of research. In both species tested, it was the highest in the very dry year (2015) and the smallest in the rainy year (2017) (Table 4). Foliar application of silicon-containing fertilizers on L. perenne plants reduced the FLV value in comparison to the objects without fertilization. The effect of both fertilizers were similar each year. In the case of T. pratense plants a significant reduction in the FLV value was evident only in the second year of the study (2016).

3.4. Nutrient Content

The content of nutrients in grass–clover sward varied during the years of research (Table 5). In 2017, which was distinguished by higher humidity, associated with the amount of precipitation (607.7 mm), compared to 2016, sward was characterized by a significantly higher content of crude protein, potassium, magnesium and higher digestibility of organic matter. At the same time, the phosphorus content of plants was lower.
The research also showed the effect of the foliar application of silicon-containing fertilizers on sward nutrient content. Fertilization with multicomponent Herbagreen in both years of research resulted in an increase in the content of crude protein, potassium, phosphorus and sodium. In contrast, Optysil showed a stronger effect only in a moderately moist year (2016), while in 2017, there was no significant impact. Moreover, only in a year with less rainfall it was shown that both fertilizers reduced the content of crude fiber and increased the digestibility of organic matter.
PCA analysis showed that the first component accounted for 53.28% and the second 27.94% of the analyzed variability (Figure 3a). Silicon application in the study period the most affected CP, LAI, YDM and to a less extent DOM, HI, Mg and P. These parameters (except P) were significantly, positively correlated with each other. The highest values of these characteristics (YDM, LAI, DOM) were recorded in rainy year (2017) under Si application, especially using multicomponent Herbagreen (Figure 3b). Moreover, high-CF content of plants was associated with high relative FLV content (especially in L. perenne) and low DOM. High relative content of Chl in plants and high RDM was shown in moderately moist 2016 under Si application condition. Whereas the lack of Si in this year resulted in accumulation of CF and FLV by plants.

4. Discussion

A very important property of plants of grassland is their ability to give stable and high dry matter yields under different environmental condition. Due to the complexity of grassland systems, the analysis of the impact of climatic conditions and management on production stability is often hampered. Species vary in their response to changes in amount of precipitation reflecting differences in growth strategies and also genetic and phenotypic plasticity in relevant plant traits [29]. Our studies have shown differentiation of sown species share depending on the term of regrowth and year of utilization. The changes were mainly connected with weather conditions during the growing season and durability of plants. In the first and second year of research (2015 and 2016—the third and fourth year of utilization, respectively), sward was dominated by L. perenne and T. pratense. In the following year (2017—fifth year of use), especially in the second and third regrowth, T. repens was characterized by a larger share in sward. This species proved to be drought resistant and was distinguished by greater durability than other tested species. The strategy of T. repens survival in drought conditions is to reduce leaf area and transpiration and as a result these leaves wilt and die. Osmotic adjustment in T. repens stolons conserves them until water is available, and the plant can regrow from the stolon [30]. Moreover, legumes may resist drought events because they are able to utilize atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) for their N requirements. This could be a valuable trait where plant-available soil N is increasingly constrained under drought [6]. In our experiment, the share of L. perenne decreased in the last year, which show rather low persistence of this species. Furthermore, the appearance of other species (weeds) in sward was associated with the occurrence of drought periods and the decreasing durability of sown species. Currently varieties of L. perenne show lower persistence and survival to dry and hot summer conditions than varieties of other perennial grasses (e.g., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Dactylis glomerata L.) [31,32]. Therefore, combining grass and legumes species in simple mixtures can compensate yield reductions caused by severe drought and it offers a practical management tool to adapt forage production to climate change. This study demonstrated that the foliar application of silicon-containing fertilizers did not cause clear changes of botanic composition of grass–clover sward. While in the study of Radkowski et al. [33], the share of Fabaceae plants increased, and dicotyledonous plants decreased proportionally to the dose of silicon fertilization.
The magnitude of annual DM yields of grass–clover sward was in the range reported in previous studies relating to organic grassland farming [34]. According to literature it is well known that grassland productivity and rainfall are often positively correlated [35,36]. In our study, we found that rainfall deficiency in 2015 was unfavorable for plants growth and sward productivity was low. In the following year (2016), despite of higher rainfall, periodic droughts, especially during 2nd regrowth, were also observed. Aboveground biomass accumulated during the growing season in this period was low as well. Whereas the amount and distribution of rainfall in 2017 was more favorable for plants compared to the previous years. The yield dependence on weather conditions was also confirmed by plant productivity indicator LAI, which was positively correlated with aboveground biomass. Correlation coefficients calculated in subsequent years of the study (2015, 2016, 2017) were significant and amounted to 0.97, 0.52 and 0.75, respectively.
Productivity of grass–clover sward in organic management increased under foliar Si application as well. Simultaneously, a stronger effect was demonstrated for multicomponent Herbagreen than for growth stimulator Optysil, containing Si mainly. The results of many studies confirm the beneficial effect of Si on the mass of plants [12,37]. Favorable impact of plants Si fertilization may be a result of more effective osmoregulation, reduced water losses by transpiration, improved water balance, maintenance of a proper supply of necessary nutrients, reduced intake of toxic ions and also improved performance of antioxidant mechanisms [16]. However, our observation are clearly different from those of Radkowski et al. [33] who showed no effect of the growth stimulator Optysil on the crop yield of multispecies sward with dominance of grasses. The authors have explained this with the different ability of meadow plants to accumulate silicon. In our study, Si fertilization used was the only source of nutrients supplied to plants under organic cultivation. In the absence of additional sources of nutrients, it seems that the plants not only maximum used the nutrients supplied with Si fertilizers for the production of aboveground biomass, but the use of elements from the soil was also higher. It is suggested that Si could act as beneficial element under conditions of nutrient imbalance and this effect attributed to its interactions with macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium, which affect crop productivity [38].
The high resilience of grass plants to water deficiency during vegetation period is associated with deep-developed root system, which enables acquisition of water from the deeper soil layers [6]. Grasses have greater allocation of biomass to roots and greater rooting depth than legumes in condition of drought stress [39]. Hoekstra et al. [40] suggest that the deep rooting trait may contribute to drought resistance, but that the effect could be small and may become important only under extreme drought conditions. Species with different functional features were used in our study: a shallow-rooted L. perenne and T. repens and a deep-rooted T. pratense. Rainfall deficiency in 2015 and 2016 (classified as very dry and moderately moist, respectively) caused increase the mass of plant roots. Proliferation of deep roots in response to drought stress in the field condition could be explained by the high degree of plasticity in response to drought exhibited by L. perenne roots [39]. Whereas T. repens despite its relatively low root biomass compared to grasses, distinguish due to drought-resistant [30].
The study demonstrated a positive effect of Si on the mass of plant roots in organic cultivation. Simultaneously, Si application in the form of Optysil growth stimulator (containing Si mainly) had a stronger impact on the root mass than the multicomponent Herbagreen fertilizer, especially in the deeper layers of soil (up to 20 cm). The application of Si seems to be beneficial to plants grown under conditions of water deficiency by encouraging the development of a big root system and providing protection to roots against soil drying. Si accumulation varies considerably with the plant species and most of them are unable to accumulate high levels of Si in the shoots. The difference in Si accumulation was attributed to the ability of roots to take up this element. Therefore, although Si is abundant in soil, most plants, especially dicotyledonous, are unable to take up a large amount of Si from soil and have benefits from it [41]. Some monocotyledonous plants, including L. perenne [42], are characterized by a much higher intake of Si than of water, resulting in its depletion in nutrient solutions, while those with a passive or rejective Si uptake system take up this element at a rate similar to or even much lower than water. Legumes plants do not accumulate Si in tissues and tend to exclude this element. These plants take up Si more slowly than water and they contain less silicon than would be expected from nonselective passive uptake of silicic acid during plant growth [16,43].
Water shortage influences disadvantageously photosynthesis process, uptake and transport of necessary nutrients and increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These reactive molecules cause to disorder in plant metabolism and damage in membranes [44]. Flavones, due to their antioxidative properties, are able to protect the plant against ROS [45]. Silicon has similar characteristics. Our research clearly indicated that flavones concentration in plants was higher in a very dry and a moderately moist year than in rainy. Simultaneously, Si application caused decreasing of flavones content especially in L. perenne plants. The reaction of T. pratense was evident merely in the year of moderately moist (2016). The addition of Si can also improve the concentration of chlorophyll and the structure of chloroplasts, protecting them from damage during stress [16]. In our study, Si application, independent on their form, was able to maintain a higher Chl content of both studied species (L. perenne and T. pratense) than under no Si treatment. This results indicating that the application of Si could decrease the decomposition of photosynthetic pigments under stress of water deficit.
Water deficiency very often leads to impairment of mineral nutrition of plants and disruptions in ion homeostasis. Silicon is able to modify biologic properties of soil (e.g., by increasing the biomass of microbial N fixers) [46] and to improve uptake and accumulation of macro- and micronutrients in various plant species [47]. According to Kurdali et al. [48], water shortage negatively affects the nitrogen balance in the plant due to a reduction of ability to bind atmospheric nitrogen. They have also concluded that application of Si is not only involved in amelioration of growth and in maintaining of water status, but it can be also considered an important element for the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Cicer arietinum plants, especially in the synergistic action of silicon and potassium fertilization. Some investigations indicate that application of Si may increase concentration of calcium in plant tissues and hence restore membrane integrity in plants under condition of water deficiency [16]. In the study of Siam et al. [38], potassium and phosphorus content and uptake by the different parts of rice plant (roots, shoots and grains) significantly increased by Si addition to the used fertilizers.
Our study showed impact of both weather conditions in the years and Si fertilization on the nutrient content of the grass–clover sward. In agreement with a previous studies our results suggest that under drought, Si-alleviated effects were associated with an increase in phosphorus, calcium and potassium concentration in grass–clover sward. The study also showed, that under conditions of less rainfall, both fertilizers reduced the content of crude fiber and increased the digestibility of organic matter. Beneficial effect of Si on crude protein content, independent of weather conditions, only with fertilization multicomponent Herbagreen was observed. The sward fertilized with Optysil was characterized by crude protein content similarly to that which was not treated with Si. In contrast Radkowski et al. [33] reported, that the silage made from the crops fertilized with the growth stimulator Optysil showed a tendency for a higher total protein content. They suggested that this could be due to a higher proportion of legume plants in the botanical composition of the meadow and an increased protein content in these plants.
In conclusion, this study was established that supplying Si under field conditions in organic cultivation leads to better of grass–clover sward productivity. This effect is especially visible when the plants are cultivated with multicomponent Si fertilizer enabling good development of aboveground part of plants and dry matter yield. Simultaneously, Si application in the form of growth stimulator, containing Si mainly, had a beneficial impact on the plant roots mass by encouraging the development of a big root system, especially under water deficiency. In such conditions the application of Si decreased flavones concentration in plants and increased chlorophyll index. In addition, this study indicates the potential for applying Si fertilizers to improve content of nutrients (CP, DOM, K, P) in the sward from temporary grassland in organic cultivation. The results of these studies can be used in practice of fertilization of organic crop for enhancing sward productivity and also to compensate yield losses under predicted drought scenarios.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.M; formal analysis, G.M.; investigation, G.M., B.B.-J., P.D., E.S., A.P. and B.W.; methodology, G.M., B.B.-J., E.S. and B.W.; supervision, G.M.; visualization, G.M.; writing—original draft, G.M.; writing—review & editing, G.M. and B.B.-J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Agronomy 10 01007 g001 550
Figure 1. Vinczeffy hydrothermal index for subsequent 10 days of month (decade: I, II, III) during the vegetation period in 2015–2017 (1st, 2nd, 3rd—mowing).
Figure 1. Vinczeffy hydrothermal index for subsequent 10 days of month (decade: I, II, III) during the vegetation period in 2015–2017 (1st, 2nd, 3rd—mowing).
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Figure 2. Botanical composition of grass–clover sward (%) in regrowths (1st, 2nd, 3rd) in the study period (mean 2015–2017).
Figure 2. Botanical composition of grass–clover sward (%) in regrowths (1st, 2nd, 3rd) in the study period (mean 2015–2017).
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Figure 3. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) (a) presenting relationships between the traits: YDM—yield of dry matter, RDM—dry mass of roots, HI—harvest index, LAI—leaf area index, FLV L.p.—relative flavones content of L. perenne, FLV T.p.—relative flavones content of T. pratense, Chl L.p.—relative chlorophyll content of L. perenne, Chl T.p.—relative chlorophyll content of T. pratense, CP—crude protein, CF—crude fiber, DOM—digestibility organic matter, P—phosphorus, K—potassium, Mg—magnesium, Ca—calcium, Na—sodium; (b) for the combinations tested (2 years of studies: 2016, 2017 and Si treatment: C—control, H—Herbagreen, O—Optysil).
Figure 3. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) (a) presenting relationships between the traits: YDM—yield of dry matter, RDM—dry mass of roots, HI—harvest index, LAI—leaf area index, FLV L.p.—relative flavones content of L. perenne, FLV T.p.—relative flavones content of T. pratense, Chl L.p.—relative chlorophyll content of L. perenne, Chl T.p.—relative chlorophyll content of T. pratense, CP—crude protein, CF—crude fiber, DOM—digestibility organic matter, P—phosphorus, K—potassium, Mg—magnesium, Ca—calcium, Na—sodium; (b) for the combinations tested (2 years of studies: 2016, 2017 and Si treatment: C—control, H—Herbagreen, O—Optysil).
Agronomy 10 01007 g003
Table
Table 1. Soil properties in the field experiment before (2015) and after study period (2017) and dates of plant mowing during the study period.
Table 1. Soil properties in the field experiment before (2015) and after study period (2017) and dates of plant mowing during the study period.
YearpHKClPKMg
mg/100 g soil
20125.63.214.910.7
20175.813.16.112.1
Mowing dates
1st2nd3rd
201527 May20 July7 Oct
201625 May17 July28 Sep
20172 June17 July26 Sep
Table
Table 2. The yield of dry matter of the grass–clover sward (YDM; t/ha) and their percentage share in annual yield (2015–2017) depending on the application of fertilizers containing silicon (Herbagreen, Optysil).
Table 2. The yield of dry matter of the grass–clover sward (YDM; t/ha) and their percentage share in annual yield (2015–2017) depending on the application of fertilizers containing silicon (Herbagreen, Optysil).
TreatmentYear/Regrowth
201520162017Annual (Year × Treatment)2015–2017
1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rd201520162017Mean
Control4.71a1.69a0.33a3.63a0.63a2.46a3.06a3.34a1.83a6.74a6.72a8.23b7.23a
Herbagreen5.11a2.46a0.41a4.04a0.99b3.18b4.29b3.38a1.90a7.98b8.22b9.58c8.59c
Optysil5.20a2.36a0.56a3.84a0.68a2.53a3.91b3.62a1.93a8.13b7.05a9.46c8.21b
Mean 7.79A7.45A9.26B
% share65.029.06.052.011.037.042.037.021.0
Data in columns marked with the same lowercase (a, b,...) or in rows—uppercase (A, B...) letters do not differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table
Table 3. Dry root mass of plants (RDM; kg/m2) in the soil layer up to 30 cm depending on silicon-containing fertilizer treatments (Herbagreen, Optysil) in the years of study.
Table 3. Dry root mass of plants (RDM; kg/m2) in the soil layer up to 30 cm depending on silicon-containing fertilizer treatments (Herbagreen, Optysil) in the years of study.
Year201520162017
Treatment/Layer (cm)0–1010–2020–300–1010–2020–300–1010–2020–30
Control1.33a0.19a0.08a1.20a0.17a0.15a1.20a0.17a0.06a
Herbagreen1.74b0.24a0.13a1.51b0.19a0.13a1.42b0.14a0.09a
Optysil1.69b0.40b0.18a1.93c0.20a0.14a1.30ab0.34b0.07a
YearMean 2015–2017201520162017Mean 2015–2017
Treatment/Layer (cm)0–1010–2020–300–300–30
Control1.24a0.18a0.10a1.60a1.53a1.42a1.52a
Herbagreen1.56b0.19a0.12a2.11ab1.83a1.65a1.86b
Optysil1.64b0.31b0.13a2.28b2.27b1.71a2.09c
Mean 2.07B1.95B1.63A
Data in columns marked with the same lowercase (a, b,...) or in rows—uppercase (A, B...) letters do not differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table
Table 4. Impact of silicon-containing fertilizers (Herbagreen, Optysil) on plant productivity indices: harvest index (HI), leaf area index (LAI) and also chlorophyll index (Chl) and flavonol index (FLV) in L. perenne and T. pratense plants during the study period (2015–2017).
Table 4. Impact of silicon-containing fertilizers (Herbagreen, Optysil) on plant productivity indices: harvest index (HI), leaf area index (LAI) and also chlorophyll index (Chl) and flavonol index (FLV) in L. perenne and T. pratense plants during the study period (2015–2017).
Treatment201520162017Mean201520162017Mean
HILAI
Control0.25a0.22b0.27a0.25b1.37a1.79a1.99a1.72a
Herbagreen0.24a0.22b0.29a0.25b1.94b1.93a2.80b2.22b
Optysil0.23a0.18a0.27a0.23a1.92b1.82a2.68b2.14b
Mean0.24B0.20A0.28C 1.82A1.86A2.59B
Lolium perenneTrifolium pratense
Chl
Control28.9a29.9a23.1a27.3a42.7a41.3a35.7a39.9a
Herbagreen34.8b35.2c29.4b33.1b46.7b42.3a38.1b42.4b
Optysil33.6b33.5b29.8b32.3b45.6b42.7a39.5b42.6b
Mean33.2B33.5B28.3A 45.5C42.3B38.1A
FLV
Control1.86b1.78b1.69b1.77b3.21a3.10b2.80a3.03b
Herbagreen1.76a1.48a1.41a1.55a3.12a2.83a2.70a2.89a
Optysil1.77a1.44a1.40a1.54a3.17a2.81a2.84a2.94ab
Mean1.78C1.52B1.46A 3.16C2.88B2.78A
Data in columns marked with the same lowercase (a, b,...) or in rows—uppercase (A, B...) letters do not differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table
Table 5. Nutritional value of the grass–clover sward depending on the application of fertilizers containing silicon.
Table 5. Nutritional value of the grass–clover sward depending on the application of fertilizers containing silicon.
Analyzed Component2016201720162017
ControlHerbagreenOptysilControlHerbagreenOptysil
Crude protein (g/kg DM)137.7a150.6b140.3a172.8a185.8b172.2a142.9A176.9B
Crude Fiber (g/kg DM)243.8b228.0a230.2a236.0ab231.0a237.2b234.0A234.7A
Digestibility organic matter (%)54.32a57.73b56.74b58.38ab59.41b57.42a56.65A58.41B
K (g/kg DM)15.57a18.29c16.97b16.89a19.45b18.75ab17.22A18.66B
P (g/kg DM)2.90a3.20b3.24b1.17a1.41b1.27ab3.16B1.31A
Mg (g/kg DM)2.20a2.17a2.18a2.74a2.61a2.57a2.18A2.62B
Ca (g/kg DM)8.46a9.48b9.68b11.18a9.17a10.38a9.36A10.06A
Na (g/kg DM)0.57a0.67b0.54a0.60a0.70b0.53a0.60A0.61A
Data in the row marked with the same lowercase (a, b,...) letters in years between variants of fertilization and uppercase (A, B,...) letters between years do not differ significantly according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).

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Mastalerczuk, G.; Borawska-Jarmułowicz, B.; Dąbrowski, P.; Szara, E.; Perzanowska, A.; Wróbel, B. Can the Application the Silicon Improve the Productivity and Nutritional Value of Grass–Clover Sward in Conditions of Rainfall Shortage in Organic Management? Agronomy 2020, 10, 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071007

AMA Style

Mastalerczuk G, Borawska-Jarmułowicz B, Dąbrowski P, Szara E, Perzanowska A, Wróbel B. Can the Application the Silicon Improve the Productivity and Nutritional Value of Grass–Clover Sward in Conditions of Rainfall Shortage in Organic Management? Agronomy. 2020; 10(7):1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071007

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mastalerczuk, Grażyna, Barbara Borawska-Jarmułowicz, Piotr Dąbrowski, Ewa Szara, Aneta Perzanowska, and Barbara Wróbel. 2020. "Can the Application the Silicon Improve the Productivity and Nutritional Value of Grass–Clover Sward in Conditions of Rainfall Shortage in Organic Management?" Agronomy 10, no. 7: 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071007

APA Style

Mastalerczuk, G., Borawska-Jarmułowicz, B., Dąbrowski, P., Szara, E., Perzanowska, A., & Wróbel, B. (2020). Can the Application the Silicon Improve the Productivity and Nutritional Value of Grass–Clover Sward in Conditions of Rainfall Shortage in Organic Management? Agronomy, 10(7), 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071007

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