In-Soil Application of NP Mineral Fertilizer as a Method of Improving Nitrogen Yielding Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Field
2.2. Meteorological Conditions
2.3. Soil Conditions
2.4. Assay Methods
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results for Nitrogen (2015–2018)
3.2. Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization
3.3. Agricultural Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use
3.4. Physiological Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | NP Fertilizer Sowing Depth | Nitrogen Fertilizer | Date of Supplementary Nitrogen | Total N kg.ha−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fertilization N kg·ha−1 | |||||
Before Sowing | Top Dressing in the phase 5-6 leaves BBCH 15/16 Stage | ||||
1 | 0 cm | ammonium nitrate | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
2 | 0 cm | ammonium nitrate | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
3 | 0 cm | urea | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
4 | 0 cm | urea | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
5 | 5 cm | ammonium nitrate | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
6 | 5 cm | ammonium nitrate | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
7 | 5 cm | urea | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
8 | 5 cm | urea | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
9 | 10 cm | ammonium nitrate | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
10 | 10 cm | ammonium nitrate | - | 72.6 | 27,4 + 72,6 = 100 |
11 | 10 cm | urea | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
12 | 10 cm | urea | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
13 | 15 cm | ammonium nitrate | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
14 | 15 cm | ammonium nitrate | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
15 | 15 cm | urea | 72.6 | - | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
16 | 15 cm | urea | - | 72.6 | 27.4 + 72.6 = 100 |
17 | Control | 0 kg N.ha−1, 0 kg P .ha−1 |
Treatment Type | Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
1. Deep plowing (30 cm) * | 5.XI * | 9.XI * | 26.X * | 20.XI * |
2. Harrow smoothing | 9.III | 1.IV | 31.III | 1.IV |
3. Fertilizer sowing according to the experimental design | 16.IV | 5.IV | 20.IV | 20.IV |
4. Sowing maize | 24.IV | 28.IV | 25.IV | 24.IV |
cultivar | cultivar | cultivar | cultivar | |
P7631 | P7905 | P7905 | P7905 | |
5. Supplementary nitrogen fertilization | 25.V | 23.V | 1.VI | 14.V |
6. Harvest with a plot harvester | 6.X | 28.IX | 17.X | 3.IX |
Mean Squares | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variability | Degrees of Freedom | N Uptake (kg.ha−1)2 | N Utilization (%)2 | Agricultural Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers)2 | Physiological Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers)2 |
Blocks | 3 | 244.45 | 244.45 | 107.25 | 67.34 |
Y | 3 | 28,497.20 ** | 2840.50 | 873.78 | 3223.00 ** |
Error 1 | 9 | 829.23 | 829.23 | 357.64 | 274.65 |
A | 3 | 2622.82 ** | 2622.82 ** | 849.59 ** | 505.32 |
YxA | 9 | 609.47 | 609.47 | 139.41 | 1227.17 ** |
Error 2 | 36 | 381.83 | 381.83 | 159.75 | 178.01 |
B | 1 | 172.80 | 172.80 | 63.94 | 163.80 |
YxB | 3 | 509.33 ** | 509.33 ** | 113.16 * | 552.43 ** |
AxB | 3 | 239.83 * | 239.83 * | 95.03 | 1720.35 ** |
YxAxB | 9 | 207.71 * | 207.71 * | 78.59 * | 281.89 ** |
Error 3 | 48 | 78.34 | 78.34 | 34.86 | 69.85 |
C | 1 | 202.77 * | 202.77 * | 181.78 ** | 53.66 |
YxC | 3 | 370.87 ** | 370.87 ** | 67.24 ** | 319.46 ** |
AxC | 3 | 167.40 ** | 167.40 ** | 17.53 | 201.28 ** |
BxC | 1 | 890.74 ** | 890.74 ** | 50.72 | 1.84 |
YxAxC | 9 | 72.64 * | 72.64 * | 26.33 | 150.44 ** |
YxBxC | 3 | 377.21 ** | 377.21 ** | 54.43 * | 695.17 ** |
AxBxC | 3 | 124.04 * | 124.04 * | 61.87 ** | 855.53 ** |
YxAxBxC | 9 | 259.74 ** | 259.74 ** | 18.76 | 390.67 ** |
Error 4 | 96 | 33.84 | 33.84 | 15.23 | 42.02 |
Factors | Factor Levels | N Uptake (kg.ha−1) | N Utilization (%) | Agricultural Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | Physiological Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | 2015 | 113.27 b | (20.98) | 42.23 a | (20.98) | 22.15 a | (13.14) | 50.46 ab | (17.77) |
2016 | 138.50 a | (13.54) | 42.33 a | (13.54) | 18.11 a | (7.57) | 41.49 b | (11.06) | |
2017 | 114.92 b | (10.91) | 35.70 a | (10.71) | 19.89 a | (4.09) | 57.49 a | (13.24) | |
2018 | 86.87 c | (10.76) | 28.30 a | (10.76) | 13.44 a | (7.27) | 44.35 b | (13.24) | |
A | A1 | 104.33 b | (20.56) | 28.08 b | (11.11) | 13.31 b | (6.78) | 44.28 a | (16.10) |
A2 | 118.60 a | (23.49) | 42.35 a | (18.13) | 21.50 a | (10.66) | 50.11 a | (12.28) | |
A3 | 117.10 a | (24.36) | 40.85 a | (15.50) | 20.47 ab | (9.23) | 50.15 a | (16.93) | |
A4 | 113.53 ab | (22.77) | 37.28 ab | (13.11) | 18.31 ab | (7.48) | 49.24 a | (14.88) | |
B | B1 | 112.57 a | (23.25) | 36.32 a | (16.03) | 17.90 a | (9.88) | 47.64 a | (15.72) |
B2 | 114.21 a | (23.56) | 37.96 a | (15.24) | 18.90 a | (8.43) | 49.24 a | (14.80) | |
C | C1 | 114.28 a | (22.57) | 38.03 a | (15.57) | 19.24 a | (9.65) | 48.90 a | (13.80) |
C2 | 112.50 b | (24.20) | 36.25 b | (15.71) | 17.55 b | (8.64) | 47.99 a | (16.63) |
Years (Y) | Depth of Fertilization (A) | N Uptake (kg.ha−1) | N Utilization (%) | Agricultural Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | Physiological Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | A1 | 98.34 a | (15.09) | 27.31 a | (15.09) | 11.07 a | (8.33) | 35.12 e | (18.18) |
A2 | 127.85 a | (25.37) | 56.81 a | (25.37) | 28.68 a | (16.28) | 48.33 abcde | (10.13) | |
A3 | 113.73 a | (19.08) | 42.69 a | (19.08) | 27.00 a | (11.23) | 67.02 a | (16.01) | |
A4 | 113.16 a | (12.23) | 42.12 a | (20.23) | 21.85 a | (7.94) | 51.35 abcde | (9.39) | |
2016 | A1 | 130.75 a | (9.94) | 34.58 a | (9.94) | 15.93 a | (7.04) | 43.13 cde | (12.03) |
A2 | 139.14 a | (13.95) | 42.98 a | (13.95) | 19.02 a | (6.20) | 44.51 bcde | (7.09) | |
A3 | 140.83 a | (12.70) | 44.66 a | (12.70) | 18.83 a | (8.26) | 40.26 de | (10.99) | |
A4 | 143.27a | (14.84) | 47.11 a | (14.84) | 18.66 a | (8.80) | 38.04 de | (13.08) | |
2017 | A1 | 106.45a | (5.71) | 27.23 a | (5.71) | 15.97 a | (4.47) | 56.72 abcd | (15.93) |
A2 | 114.90 a | (5.23) | 35.68 a | (5.23) | 22.12 a | (2.85) | 62.92 abc | (9.82) | |
A3 | 127.67 a | (10.82) | 48.45 a | (10.82) | 21.39 a | (3.21) | 45.55 bcde | (9.05) | |
A4 | 110.66 a | (5.93) | 31.45 a | (5.93) | 20.06 a | (2.77) | 64.77 ab | (7.92) | |
2018 | A1 | 81.80 a | (9.34) | 23.22 a | (9.34) | 10.25 a | (4.90) | 42.13 de | (9.96) |
A2 | 92.50 a | (13.00) | 33.92 a | (13.00) | 16.17 a | (8.57) | 44.68 bcde | (11.87) | |
A3 | 86.19 a | (9.90) | 27.61 a | (9.90) | 14.65 a | (8.21) | 47.76 abcde | (17.55) | |
A4 | 87.02 a | (8.36) | 28.44 a | (8.36) | 12.68 a | (5.99) | 42.81 cde | (12.96) | |
Years (Y) | Type of Nitrogen Fertilizer (B) | N Uptake (kg.ha−1) | N Utilization (%) | Agricultural Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | Physiological Effectiveness of Nitrogen use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | ||||
2015 | B1 | 116.06 b | (20.67) | 45.02 a | (20.67) | 23.14 a | (14.17) | 48.15 bcd | (14.77) |
B2 | 110.48 b | (21.25) | 39.44 ab | (21.25) | 21.16 ab | (12.17) | 52.76 ab | (20.32) | |
2016 | B1 | 135.01 a | (11.51) | 38.84 abc | (11.51) | 16.71 bc | (6.83) | 42.05 cd | (12.14) |
B2 | 141.99 a | (14.65) | 45.82 a | (14.65) | 19.52 abc | (8.11) | 40.92 cd | (10.02) | |
2017 | B1 | 114.91 b | (12.47) | 35.69 bc | (12.47) | 20.11 ab | (3.63) | 60.06 a | (13.31) |
B2 | 114.94 b | (8.80) | 35.72 bc | (8.80) | 19.66 abc | (4.55) | 54.92 ab | (12.85) | |
2018 | B1 | 84.31 c | (11.69) | 25.73 d | (11.69) | 11.62 d | (8.01) | 40.32 d | (14.90) |
B2 | 89.44 c | (9.22) | 30.87 cd | (9.22) | 15.25 cd | (6.04) | 48.37 bc | (10.04) | |
Years (Y) | The Date of Nitrogen Application (C) | N Uptake (kg.ha−1) | N Utilization (%) | Agricultural Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | Physiological Effectiveness of Nitrogen Use (kg dm kg N in Fertilizers) | ||||
2015 | C1 | 116.99 b | (20.53) | 45.95 a | (20.53) | 24.43 a | (13.87) | 50.27 bc | (15.54) |
C2 | 109.55 c | (21.09) | 38.52 cd | (21.09) | 19.86 b | (12.15) | 50.64 bc | (20.01) | |
2016 | C1 | 136.35 a | (12.50) | 40.18 bc | (12.50) | 18.30 b | (7.52) | 43.92 de | (10.86) |
C2 | 140.65 a | (14.37) | 44.48 ab | (14.37) | 17.93 b | (7.74) | 39.05 e | (10.88) | |
2017 | C1 | 116.18 b | (12.05) | 36.96 cd | (12.05) | 19.93 b | (4.83) | 55.07 ab | (14.22) |
C2 | 113.66 bc | (9.19) | 34.45 d | (9.19) | 19.84 b | (3.26) | 59.91 a | (11.90) | |
2018 | C1 | 87.61 d | (10.76) | 29.03 e | (10.76) | 14.29 c | (7.38) | 46.34 cd | (12.05) |
C2 | 86.14 d | (10.88) | 27.56 e | (10.88) | 12.59 c | (7.17) | 42.35 de | (14.24) |
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Szulc, P.; Barłóg, P.; Ambroży-Deręgowska, K.; Mejza, I.; Kobus-Cisowska, J. In-Soil Application of NP Mineral Fertilizer as a Method of Improving Nitrogen Yielding Efficiency. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1488. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101488
Szulc P, Barłóg P, Ambroży-Deręgowska K, Mejza I, Kobus-Cisowska J. In-Soil Application of NP Mineral Fertilizer as a Method of Improving Nitrogen Yielding Efficiency. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1488. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101488
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzulc, Piotr, Przemysław Barłóg, Katarzyna Ambroży-Deręgowska, Iwona Mejza, and Joanna Kobus-Cisowska. 2020. "In-Soil Application of NP Mineral Fertilizer as a Method of Improving Nitrogen Yielding Efficiency" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1488. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101488