The Effect of Moisture on Cellulose Nanocrystals Intended as a High Gas Barrier Coating on Flexible Packaging Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. CNCs Extraction by Ammonium Persulfate Treatment and Coating Process
2.3. CNCs Morphological Characterization
2.4. Zeta-Potential and Conductivity of the CNCs
2.5. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD)
2.6. Freezable Water Content (DSC)
2.7. Water Sorption Isotherm
2.8. Optical Properties of Coated Film
2.9. Water Contact Angles
2.10. Gas and Water Vapour Permeability
3. Results
3.1. CNCs Production and Coating onto PET Film
3.2. Water and Gas Permeability of Coated PET Film
3.3. CNCs Freezable Water Content
3.4. CNCs Water Sorption Isotherms
3.5. X-ray Diffraction Patterns
4. Discussion
4.1. Permeability of CNCs Coated Film
4.2. Freezable Water and Water Sorption Isotherms
4.3. Cristallinity by WAXD Analyses
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property of CNCs | Value 1 |
---|---|
Hydrodynamic diameter (nm) | 101.15 ± 3.65 |
Average dimensions (length, L) from TEM measures | 139 ± 33 |
Average dimensions (diameter, D) from TEM measures | 16 ± 5 |
Aspect ratio (L/D) | 9 ± 4 |
Zeta potential (mV) | −44.40 ± 4.12 |
Conductivity (mS cm−1) | 0.095 ± 0.024 |
Polydispersity index | 22.95 ± 0.63 |
aw after freeze drying | 0.26 ± 0.01 |
Property of CNCs coated PET film | |
aw after coating and drying | 0.46 ± 0.05 |
Thickness of PET film (µm) | 12.0 ± 1 |
Thickness of CNCs coating (nm) | 756.3 ± 22.3 |
Transparency (T% at 550 nm) | 85.67 ± 0.3 |
Haze (%) | 1.89 ± 0.1 |
Optical contact angle (water) at 57% RH | 11.23 ± 0.41 |
Optical contact angle (water) at 81% RH | 9.33 ± 0.56 |
Optical contact angle (water) at 97% RH | 8.05 ± 0.31 |
CNCs humidity % (g H2O/g sample)·100 | Freezable water % ± 5% |
---|---|
85 | 100 |
75 | 100 |
52 | 75 |
46 | 65 |
8 | 0 |
Coefficient | Adsorption | Desorption |
---|---|---|
GAB equation | ||
R2 | 0.989 | 0.810 |
k | 1.27 | 1.95 |
C | 0.14 | 0.35 |
Mo | 0.45 | 0.08 |
OSWIN equation | ||
c1 | 1.3 | 1.23 |
c2 | 1.57 | 1.90 |
R2 | 0.97 | 0.90 |
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Fotie, G.; Rampazzo, R.; Ortenzi, M.A.; Checchia, S.; Fessas, D.; Piergiovanni, L. The Effect of Moisture on Cellulose Nanocrystals Intended as a High Gas Barrier Coating on Flexible Packaging Materials. Polymers 2017, 9, 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090415
Fotie G, Rampazzo R, Ortenzi MA, Checchia S, Fessas D, Piergiovanni L. The Effect of Moisture on Cellulose Nanocrystals Intended as a High Gas Barrier Coating on Flexible Packaging Materials. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):415. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090415
Chicago/Turabian StyleFotie, Ghislain, Riccardo Rampazzo, Marco Aldo Ortenzi, Stefano Checchia, Dimitrios Fessas, and Luciano Piergiovanni. 2017. "The Effect of Moisture on Cellulose Nanocrystals Intended as a High Gas Barrier Coating on Flexible Packaging Materials" Polymers 9, no. 9: 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090415