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Polymers
Volume 17
Issue 23
10.3390/polym17233196
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Rheological Characterization of Marine and Bovine Collagen Peptides/Acetic Acid Slurries Incorporating Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

by
Mario Milazzo
1,2,*,
Claudio Ricci
1,
Eugenio Redolfi Riva
2,
Damiano Rossi
1,
Irene Anguillesi
1,
Maurizia Seggiani
1,
Giuseppe Gallone
1 and
Serena Danti
1,*
1
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
2
The BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3196; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233196 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 October 2025 / Revised: 23 November 2025 / Accepted: 27 November 2025 / Published: 30 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Polymers from Proteins and Polysaccharides: Challenges and Opportunities)
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Abstract

The development of collagen-based composite materials for bone tissue engineering requires a comprehensive understanding of their rheological and structural behavior to ensure processability and functional stability. This study investigates the viscoelastic and morphological properties of nanocomposite slurries composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles dispersed in acetic acid solutions of bovine or fish-derived collagen peptides. Frequency and strain sweep tests revealed solid-like behavior and shear-thinning characteristics consistent with printable bioinks. Both formulations yield stresses between 0.7 and 1.5 kPa, values comparable to those reported for 3D-printable HA composites. Over ten days of aging, fish-based formulations retained higher viscosity and modulus, indicating improved temporal stability relative to bovine-based ones. Drop-casting tests confirmed the formation of homogeneous, highly opalescent films, with surface profilometry showing lower waviness for the fish-derived blend, suggesting enhanced microstructural uniformity. These results demonstrate that acetic acid-mediated collagen–HA interactions generate stable, high-fidelity slurries suitable for additive manufacturing applications. The superior rheological properties of fish collagen formulations highlight the influence of peptide source on network evolution, offering valuable insight for optimizing collagen–ceramic composites in regenerative and biomedical applications.
Keywords: nanocomposite slurries; viscoelastic characterization; nanocomposite aging; structural stability; polymer–ceramic composites nanocomposite slurries; viscoelastic characterization; nanocomposite aging; structural stability; polymer–ceramic composites
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MDPI and ACS Style

Milazzo, M.; Ricci, C.; Redolfi Riva, E.; Rossi, D.; Anguillesi, I.; Seggiani, M.; Gallone, G.; Danti, S. Rheological Characterization of Marine and Bovine Collagen Peptides/Acetic Acid Slurries Incorporating Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. Polymers 2025, 17, 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233196

AMA Style

Milazzo M, Ricci C, Redolfi Riva E, Rossi D, Anguillesi I, Seggiani M, Gallone G, Danti S. Rheological Characterization of Marine and Bovine Collagen Peptides/Acetic Acid Slurries Incorporating Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. Polymers. 2025; 17(23):3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233196

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milazzo, Mario, Claudio Ricci, Eugenio Redolfi Riva, Damiano Rossi, Irene Anguillesi, Maurizia Seggiani, Giuseppe Gallone, and Serena Danti. 2025. "Rheological Characterization of Marine and Bovine Collagen Peptides/Acetic Acid Slurries Incorporating Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles" Polymers 17, no. 23: 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233196

APA Style

Milazzo, M., Ricci, C., Redolfi Riva, E., Rossi, D., Anguillesi, I., Seggiani, M., Gallone, G., & Danti, S. (2025). Rheological Characterization of Marine and Bovine Collagen Peptides/Acetic Acid Slurries Incorporating Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. Polymers, 17(23), 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233196

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